Listeria Monocytogenes free essay sample

The bacterium was named monocytogenes because one distinguish characteristic of infection in rabbits, which was the production of monocytosis in blood (Shuin et al. , 1982). L. monocytogenes is phychrophilic, has a temperature for growth of 0Â °C to 45Â °C (Barbosa et al. 1994), and enjoys a competitive advantage against other gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms in cold environments, such as refrigerators. Recent investigations indicate that the organism can initiate growth at pH values as low as 4. 4. Also, it grows optimally at water activity of 0. 97. For the majority of strains, the minimum water activity needed for growth is 0. 93 (Lou et al. , 1999); however, some strains may be able to grow at water activity values as low as 0. 90 and survive for long periods of time at 0. 83 (Shahamat et al. , 1980). L. onocytogenes is able to grow in the presence of 10 to 12% sodium chloride; it grows to high populations in moderate salt concentrations (6. 5%). The bacterium survival in high-salt environments is significantly increased by lowering the temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Listeria Monocytogenes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Route of Exposure L. monocytogenes is particularly interesting as a foodborne pathogen in that it is ubiquitous in nature. The current understanding of human listeriosis epidemiology suggests that the organism is a common contaminant of food products. This contamination usually takes place on the surface of the products, with up to 15% harboring the organism. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the food processing chain is evidence by the widespread distribution of the listeriae in processed products. Occurrence of sporadic listeriosis appears to be more common in the spring and summer months. This could be explained by seasonal variations in the type of food products eaten by human populations, with higher-risk products eaten in the warmer months. Some outbreaks investigations suggest that certain ready-to-eat processed foods pose a high risk of contracting listeriosis for susceptible populations. These foods are usually preserved by refrigeration and offer an ppropriate environment for the multiplication of L. monocytogenes during manufacture, aging, transportation and storage. The entry of L. monocytogenes into food processing plants occurs through soil on clothing or equipments, contaminated hides or surfaces, and possibly healthy human carriers. The humidity and presence of nutrients support the growth of Listeria, which is commonly found in moist areas such as processing equipment, drains, etc (Cox et al. , 1989). In addition, Listeria can attach to different types of surfaces and biofilm formation has been observed in meat and dairy processing environment (Jeong et al. 1994). Post-processing contamination is the most likely route of contamination of processed foods. Currently, there is no evidence to indicate that L. monocytogenes can survive heat processing protocols. However, because it is a frequent contaminant of raw material used in food processing plants, there are plenty opportunities for reintroduction of listeriae into food processing facilities by cross contamination (Doyle, 1988). If the product is contaminated during its elaboration, the bacteria can survive and multiply throughout storage causing disease when it is consumed. In conclusion, epidemiologic investigations have repeatedly revealed that the consumption of contaminated food is the primary mode of transmission of listeriosis. Food has been identified as the vehicle of several major outbreaks of listeriosis investigated since 1981. Food Associated Some of the food products associated with L. monocytogenes include unpasteurized milk and products prepared from unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, frankfurters, delicatessen meats and poultry products, and some seafood. Raw milk is a well-known source of L. monocytogenes. Pasteurization effectively inactivates this organism. However, fluid milk that is contaminated after pasteurization and stored under refrigeration may achieve very high populations of L. monocytogenes after one week; Furthermore, temperature abuse may enhance the multiplication of bacterial cells. L. monocytogenes can also be found in cheese because of its relative hardiness to temperature fluctuations, ability to multiply at refrigeration temperature and salt tolerance. During manufacturing process, L. monocytogenes is primarily concentrate in the cheese curd, with only a very small portion of cells appearing in the whey. Then, during ripening of the cheese, the numbers of cells may increase (Camembert), decrease gradually (Colby or cheddar), or decrease rapidly (blue cheese) and then stabilize. In addition, cooked and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products have been implicated as the source of sporadic and epidemic listeriosis on several occasions in North America and Europe (Schwartz et al. , 1989). L. monocytogenes attaches strongly to the surface of raw meats and is difficult to remove or inactivate. The multiplication in meat and poultry depends on the type of meat, pH, and the type of cell populations of competitive flora (Farber et al. 1999). However, it has been shown that poultry supports the growth of L. monocytogenes better than other meats. Furthermore, the incidence of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products has become a major concern for the meat processing industry. Ready-to-eat meat products that have been received a heat treatment followed by cooling in brine before packaging may provide a particularly conducive environment for multiplication of L. monocytogenes because of the reduction in competitive flora and the high salt tolerance of the organism. L. onocytogenes has also been isolated from domestic and imported, fresh, frozen, and processed seafood products, including crustaceans, molluscan shellfish and finfish (Jinneman et al. , 1999). However, seafood consumption is still much less when with consumption of meats and cheeses. Also, the production of seafood products is done on a much smaller scale than meat and cheese manufacture. This may be the reason that large outbreaks have not been reported and that case-control studies have not identified this group as a major risk of listeriosis (Rocourt et al. 2000) Characteristics of the disease Human disease usually occurs in high risk groups, who have a predisposing disease that leads to impairment of their T-cell mediated immunity. However, may occasionally occur in individuals with no predisposing conditions. Some of the high risk groups may include pregnant woman, neonates, and immunocompromised adults (Goulet et al. , 1996). On average, there are 0. 7 cases of listeriosis per 100,000 people, but the disease is seen three times higher in the elderly (gt;70) and 17 times higher in pregnant women. A wide variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with L. monocytogenes in both humans and animals. In healthy individuals, the disease can take the form of mild to substantial flu-like symptoms, including: fever, fatigue, nausea, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. More severe complications can include: encephalitis, septicemia, mononucleosis-like syndrome, pneumonia, endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, hepatitis, urethritis, rhombencephalitis, peritonitis, liver abscess, febrile gastroenteritis, CAPD peritonitis, septic arthritis, etc. (Dalton et al. , 1997). Lonocytogenes in pregnant women can lead to an intrauterine infection, resulting in stillbirths and miscarriages. Newborns can develop meningitis after birth via transplacental transmission. The onset time for serious complications of listeriosis can be anywhere from a couple of days to three weeks. Mortality of untreated infections is among the highest of all foodborne illnesses, 70 percent. The infective dose of L. monocytogenes is not yet known, it is related to variables, including: strain, susceptibility of the victim, type food from which is was consumed, etc. Mode of Action Listeria monocytogenes is the most invasive bacteria known. The principal site of infection is the liver, but it can invade many cell lines of different types (microphages, fibroblast, hepatocytes and epithelial cells). Listeria monocytogenes infects the host via oral route. Once the bacteria are ingested, they reach the intestine and are translocated between enterocytes and M cells (Pron et al. , 1998); however, the intestinal dendritic cells in the Peyer’s patches appear to be the preferred site for invasion and multiplication (Kolb-Maurer et al. 2000). Bacteria are then internalized by resident macrophages, in which they can survive and replicate. They are subsequently transported via the blood to regional lymph nodes. When they reach the liver and the spleen, most listeriae are rapidly killed. Depending on the level of T-cell response induced in the first days following initial infection, further dissemination via the blood to the brain or, in the pregnant individuals, the placenta may subsequently occur. In addition, bacteria are internalized in membrane-bound vacuoles, which are lysed within 30 minutes. Intracellular bacteria are released to the cytosol and begin to multiply with doubling time of about one hour. These intracytoplasmic bacteria become progressively covered by a cloud of cell actin filaments that later rearrange into a polarized comet tail up to 40 ? m in length (Crossart, 1995). The actin comet tail is made of actin microfilaments that are continuously assembled in the vicinity of the bacterium, then realeased and cross-linked. The entire bacteria cycle is completed in about 5 hours. If cytochalasin D is added after entry, bacteria do not spread within the cytosol. They replicate and form microcolonies in the vicinity of the nucleus. Hence, actin polymerization is essential to intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spreading. In summary, the pathogenic mechanism of L. monocytogenes involves the following steps: adhesion to the host cells, lysis of the phagosome, replication in the host cytoplasm, actin-based intracellular movement and propulsion, and the intercellular spread. Biotransformation Listeria monocytogenes is of interest to a board range of investigators, including food microbiologist, clinicians, immunologist, medical microbiologist, and even cell biologist because it is developing resistance to most currently used antibiotics. In the past, individuals who develop listeriosis have usually been treated with penicillin or ampicillin in conjunction with an aminoglycoside (Charpentier et al. , 1999), although tetracycline, erythromycin or chloramphenicol, alone or in combination, has also been used (Hof et al. , 1991). More recently, reports of resistance in Listeria spp. have been published. Such increases in antibiotic resistance have been linked to over-use of antibiotics in animals and humans (Rao, 1998) since these therapeutic compounds were identified nearly 60 years ago. This resistance may arise from a mutation in an intrinsic chromosomal gene, or by acquisition of exogenous genetic material carrying single or multiple resistance determinants (Levy, 1994). It is now clear that such transfer is possible between unrelated bacterial species (Kruse et al. 1994), and that these interactions are a frequent and important means of genetic exchanges among microorganisms. In conclusion, it is evident that antibiotic resistance is becoming more and more widely reported in all bacteria. Control and Prevention Because L. monocytogenes can grow at refrigerator temperatures, the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise all consumers to reduce the risk of illness by using a refrigerator thermometer to make sure that the refrigerator always stays at 40 Â °F or below and using perishable items that are precooked or ready-to-eat as soon as possible (CDC, 2005). For high risk groups it is recommended to not consume hot dogs and luncheon meats, unless they are reheated until steaming hot; not eat soft cheese such as Feta, Brie, and Camembert cheeses, unless it is labeled as made with pasteurized milk; not eat refrigerated smoked seafood, unless it is contained in a cooked dish; and not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or eat foods that contain unpasteurized milk. Therapy When listeriosis is a likely diagnosis, the use of ampicillin or, in penicillin-allergic patients, vancomycin will provide empiric coverage for L. onocytogenes until the diagnosis is made by culture. Once listeriosis is confirmed, a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin is the current therapy of choice for all forms of listeriosis. The duration of the treatment for invasive listeriosis has not been studied. Relapses appear to be uncommon, and two to three weeks of therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin is sufficient for most forms of listeriosis. Rhombencephalitis with abscess formation in the central nervous system may require more prolonged therapy, but data are not available that support treatment beyond four weeks (Lorber, 1997).

Definition of Philosophy

Definition of Philosophy Free Online Research Papers Philosophy is a subject or idea that I constantly think about, but in my head I always thought it was because I had an overactive imagination. One may even say, maybe I looked to in depth at certain topics and ideas. After approaching the topic, I can say that maybe I have a philosophical mind. One would think the basis of philosophy is to ask the questions that can not be answered or hope would be answered. However, philosophy is so much more and contains many parts and schools of thoughts that one realizes the basis of knowledge begins with a question; begins with philosophy. The American Heritage Dictionary defined philosophy in eight different ways; which includes: â€Å"the love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral discipline; investigation of nature, causes, principles of reality, knowledge, values that are based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods; a system of thought based on or involving inquiries; the critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs, etc† (2005). In other words, philosophy is the study of the fundamentals and background of any subject of idea. In philosophy, one may question one’s existence, of even the foundation of one’s beliefs. â€Å"If one strives for a higher autonomous worldview, cultivating a thinking free of religious and other dogmas, then one is doing philosophy† (Heidegger Saddler, 2000, p. 6). Philosophy can then mean to think freely without personal opinions and beliefs enforcing or coercing ideas – to think freely without any inhibitors. The foundation of philosophy is based on the questions that begin the thinking. With philosophical questions, one is trying to find the meaning behind an idea or existence. Some questions can be answered with logical and sound reasoning, while others become rhetorical questions that stimulate the brain for discussion. This is the opposite of scientific and factual questions. These type of questions – scientific and factual – require answers with some type of facts behind them; an answer that is tangible or can be proven. When a person thinks of mathematics for instance, when those theories presented themselves, the answers were tangible and can be proven with a particular equation. Philosophy does not in most cases. One can say that most philosophers are creating questions that deal with subjects that might not have a direct, tangible response. â€Å"†¦man acquires the explanations and interpretations of his individual and social life. The meaning and purpose of human existence and of human creation as a culture, are discovered† (Heidegger Saddler, 2000, p. 9). With this statement, one can see how the questions would not have an answer like those of scientific and factual questions. Yes, with these philosophical questions, one can obtain an answer, but the answer might not be based on facts. One would raise a theory or even argument, and then support that argument with logical reasoning and support. The website which featured a document from the book titled, The Nature of Philosophy stated mainly, philosophy is based off of questions that can only be answered with sound reasoning. In scientific or factual questions, one can study particular information, conduct experiments or surve ys, or even produce a simulation. Philosophy is quite the opposite, empirical investigations can be used to support philosophy but cannot be done to answer the philosophical question. Listed below are examples of philosophical questions to further show the difference between scientific/factual questions and philosophical questions: Does every event have a cause? When we judge something as good and bad, are we using our own personal views? Does morality truly exist? Does all our five senses truly represent the world around us? To begin to even answer these questions, one must know what the questions mean; which is the start of thinking philosophically. If we were to test if every event had a cause, we would have to check every event in the world and even then that would be questioned. Looking at the last question, one could think it is easily answered because of all the tools we have to test scientifically, but the dispute is that we use our sense for those tools. A true philosopher would begin to deconstruct your theory as soon as you started to answer factually or scientifically. This brings to the next difference that philosophical questions can generate more questions because there is no foundation to begin to build your answers. Philosophy is a subject that can have no true right or wrong answer, because all philosophers are looking for wisdom and increased knowledge. The subjects can range from anything and everything. The history of philosophy starts with the examination of what is life and its beings. Even looking back on past writing by the greatest philosophers, everything was thought supported with sound reasoning to base an answer on. Even now to this day, those answers are being manipulated and changing with the times. Philosophy cannot be answered simply and supported with just one factual answer because not everything in this subject can be answered. Philosophy is meant to stimulate the mind and for people to begin to think out of the box. References Heidegger, M., Sadler, T. (2000). Towards the definition of philosophy. : The Athlone Press. Houghton Mifflin Company. (2005). American heritage dictionary. Retrieved from ask.com/web?q=dictionary%3A+philosophycontent=ahdict%7C52396o=0l=dir (). The nature of philosphy. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:qVueDHQIUu0J:www.polity.co.uk/nuttall/pdf/001.pdf+nature+of+philosophical+questionshl=engl=ussig=AHIEtbR5akmmoTEvghzdQtUV_w-f0XL7Hw Research Papers on Definition of PhilosophyStandardized TestingBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Examine the links between poverty and literacy in the developing world Essay

Examine the links between poverty and literacy in the developing world - Essay Example From here, we can now try to discuss the link between the two in a deeper fashion. This paper will revolve around the relationship between poverty and literacy. It will discuss on how literacy can be used to reduce the poverty level in the developing world. On the other hand, it will deal with how lack of literacy can lead rise in poverty level in developing world. Abdi and Cleghorn (2005), state that developing countries are known to be the poorest countries in the world. These countries are going through many economic issues. The countries have poor infrastructure, lack of clean water, high mortality rates, poor governance etc. They are known to have the largest number of the illiterate people. Majority of the illiterate people are women. The question is, why do these countries have the largest number of illiterate people? One of the possible answers is that they lack good education sectors that can provide the relevant education systems. Lack of funds is the main reason for the poor education systems. This increases the level of illiteracy. Literacy is one of the tools that can be used for economic, political, cultural and social drives. This means that if this tool is not incorporated well, then the poverty level will rise. It is, therefore, true that literacy can be used to eliminate poverty levels in the developing world. This can only t ake place if people are educated well. Children should be given freedom to learn in order to reduce the illiteracy level in the near future thus, reduced poverty (Abdi &Cleghorn, 2005, p.45). Developing country like India is known to be poor not because of lack of resources but it is due the corruption that takes place in the government. When the government allocates resources for the education sector, these resources are stolen by most of the government officials. These officials are supposed to ensure that the resources reached education sectors but they are lost on the way. The education system becomes

Critical evaluation of the mechanisms by which the line-manager Essay

Critical evaluation of the mechanisms by which the line-manager encourages employee buy-in ( case study) - Essay Example h, a primary recommendation that could be given to Great Pharmaceuticals is that it seek to actively involve the employees in whatever changes it seeks to make. The underlying rational behind this is that those employees that are involved in creating a change will likely work more effectively to see such a change effectively engaged; as compared to those employees that are merely told to enact a given change (Paco & Nave, 2013). As has been noted throughout the course lectures, the degree of involvement that is exhibited by a firm has a direct correlation to the degree of loyalty that the stakeholders will likely exhibit in the future (De Oliveira et al., 2013). With loyalty maximized, it stands to reason that whatever change is prescribed will likely experience a much stronger chance of overall success as compared to an alternative strategy being utilized (Christ et al., 2012). Many firms contract other firms to provide high priced assessments of potential means by which efficiency could be maximized; however, the fact of the matter is that many of these prescriptions for change are oftentimes available free of charge at the base organizational level. As such, Great Pharmaceuticals should be aware of the fact that they have an invaluable resource of subject matter expertise at their disposal in the rank and file of their own employees. By engaging these assets and encouraging them to relate their own ideas, the firm could easily come up with new and insightful means by which leadership could craft a path ahead (Kupka et al., 2009). Once again, this works hand in glove with the recommendation for involvement. By leveraging these resources and encouraging the stakeholders to provide a level of intellectual engagement, the degree and extent to which these employees will be likely to support the future direction of the firm will be increased. Moreover, even if the course of action is not agreed upon by all, these stakeholders will come to appreciate the fact

The Concept of Modern State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept of Modern State - Essay Example Although the majority of modern states fit Weber’s definition there are also some states with characteristics that do not fit Weber’s description. For example, failure of the state to have a total monopoly over ‘the means of legitimate physical violence over a definite territory’ or absence of any reasons for addressing the legitimacy of such monopoly as rational-legal does not necessarily mean that the state represents another form of political organization. This state will still noticeably differ from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982).Formation and Attributes of the Modern StateThe basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its current form was preceded by a series of gradual political, economic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe around the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the process of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization involved the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties gradually eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. Eventually once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power.... or addressing the legitimacy of such monopoly as rational-legal does not necessarily mean that the state represents another form of political organization. This state will still noticeably differ from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982). Formation and Attributes of the Modern State The basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its current form was preceded by a series of gradual political, economic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe around the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the process of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization involved the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties gradually eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. Eventually once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power, and the fragmented system of feudal states was replaced by another system characterised by full control over a definite geographical region and unitarism (Llewellen 1983). The political and religious conflicts that occurred within the course of the centralisation process culminated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). This treaty is considered one of the important milestones in history of the contemporary system of nation-states: the Peace recognised fixed national boundaries and the sovereignty of states within their territories. Eventually, the system of centralized and increasingly bureaucratic rule known as

European Union Regional Policy

European Union Regional Policy After the Second World War, there had been attempts to re-unify the war-torn countries in Europe. However, there were many obstacles along the processes made. Problems still existed between rival countries such as between France and Germany, and economic situations in the European countries after the war was in a need of development. In order to cope with such problems of economy and relation between these countries, a community was created in 1951 by having first coal and steel as their central shared interests. This European Coal and Steel Community later developed in to the European Economic Community and finally in to the well-known European Union. This kind of community allows its member to improve their economic conditions through custom union and free trade, while advances their diplomatic relationship through their interactions. Efforts to integrate Europe can also be seen in 6 enlargements of the Union; allowing other states of Europe to join after they have accepted the co mmunity law. However, allowing other states to be members of the Union means there will be differences between the new and the old members of the union especially in economic terms. The most significant enlargement was the 5th enlargement in 2004 which was when the ten poor states in Europe decided to join the Union. In order to lessen the financial gaps between the members, the Regional Policy came in and played a major role in improving the economic disparities between states to allow their economy to grow. This paper will be focusing on the background of the regional policy, reasons why it is needed, main objectives, geographical eligibility, and who decides the funding. Background The idea of balancing the economic status of member states in the community has been there since the very early years of the European integration, or around 1950s. There were three sectors of financial support which were created during 1957- 1988; the beginning of the integration, to help funding the development missions of the European Community; the European Social Fund (ESF), the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). In 1986, the cohesion policy was introduced after the agreement on the Single European Act with the objectives of re-uniting and developing the economy of member states all together. However, in order to achieve the goal of market development through support and competition between states, the members of the Union have to be equally strong or at least, the differences between countries shall not be very high in economic sense, or the poorer ones will not be able to survive within the Union. Reasons for having the European Regional Policy The European Union expansion has been achieved, but only in the number of members, not in economic and social development terms. Different countries have different financial and social status, but to unite them together and to improve their economic growth, these differences have to be reduced to the extent that they will not affect the countries with economic and social disadvantages in a negative way, but allow them to grow stronger together and compatible with the more-developed nations in the community. The enlargement in 2004 has included 10 poorer countries in Europe in to the Union; Poland, Cyprus, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania and other 2 later on in 2007; Romania and Bulgaria, in to the European Union; making its numbers increased to 27 members (the EUs 5th Enlargement, 2004). The population of the union has increased significantly by 20%, but there was only 5% increase in the GDP or the Gross Domestic Product of the Union. The problem here is that now the GDP per person is lower than the average level of the European Union-27 in the percentage of 25% (one in four regions); making it a need to diminish their differences (Regional Policy, 2009). It is an idea agreed by all of the Unions members that in order to improve the economy of each state and of the union as a whole, competition within the market is required. To survive in the competitive market and to improve its economy, a state needs to make itself capable of competing. The regional policy is there for financing the in-needed regions projects and helping the countries within the union to reach their goal of economic expansion, competitiveness, and solidarity. Ideas and technology can also be shared between states as in the process of development. Main objectives There are three main objectives divided by the Union; Convergence, Regional Competitiveness and Employment, and European Territorial Cooperation, and three structural funds and instruments; the European Fund for Regional Development, the European Social Fund, and the Cohesion Fund. The policy for integrating and balancing the economic and social conditions in Europe is also known as the Cohesion Policy; whose current budget of 2007-2013 is 347.41 billion euro or around 35.7% of the overall budget of the European Union (Regional Policy, 2009). The Convergence Objective aims to promote economic growth and social development for the least-developed members of the Union in order to gain their ideal convergence. The areas of concern are environment, tourism, culture, transportation, energy, education, health, risk prevention, etc. The funding for this objective is consisted of around 282.8 billion euro (81.54% of the total Cohesion Policy funding) provided by the EFRD, ESF, and the Cohesion Fund [ibid]. The Regional Competitiveness and Employment objective helps supporting regions to toughen their economy by investing on the public and private sectors of the regional economy to emphasize on competition, attractiveness and employment. By doing so, they believe that it will provide more works with better standard for the people of each region which will also improve the regions economic and social conditions. This objective also has its aim on preserving the environment, improving transportation and communication system. The amount of funding for this objective is 55 billion euro (15.95% of the total Cohesion Policy funding) provided by EFRD and ESF [ibid]. The European Territorial and Co-operation objective is funded by the European Fund for Regional Development with the amount of 8.7 billion euro (2.52% of the total Cohesion Policy funding) [ibid]. This objective aims at improving the integrated regions social and economic conditions, transnational cooperation, and underlining the effectiveness of the Regional Policy. Geographical Eligibility The state members who are eligible for receiving the Cohesion Policy Fund are mostly countries from the 5th and 6th enlargements in 2004 and 2007, whose Gross National Income (GNI) are less than 90% of the average of the European Union. Regions which get this kind of funding are; Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia (Regional Policy, 2009). Spain is another country that fits in this category, however, for Spain it is a special case since its GNI was low enough for this category when EU had 15 members. In order to deal with this matter, Spain was put under the â€Å"phasing-out system,† so the country will not be much affected after the ten poorer states join the Union in 2004. The Convergence objectives funding is available for countries whose Gross Domestic Product per person is lower than 75% of the European Union average (Regional Policy, 2009). Examples of regions in this category (EU-25) are; the whole Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia, parts of Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Italy, France, United Kingdom, and Portugal. For the phasing-out system; which was introduced to help reduce the effect it might have on the poor countries receiving this funding before the poorer 10 countries join the EU, which concerns countries who were eligible at the time when EU had 15 members are some regions in Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, Austria, Portugal, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The Regional Competitiveness and Employment Objectives funding is available to regions who are not supported by the convergence objective, and until 2013- whose GDP is higher than 75% of the EU-15 average. Examples of these regions are those in Eire-Ireland, Greece, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Portugal, etc. The geographical eligibility for the European Territorial Cooperation Objective consists of cross-border cooperation; transnational and interregional cooperation- including regions within a distance of 150km. alongside of inner, outer land borders, and maritimes. Who decides funds? The European commission will discuss with its member states about the cohesion policy and the strategy for dealing with each states conditions in order to reduce the existing disparities between the more developed and the less developed regions within the Union. After come to an agreement, the Commission will draw out a proposal and hand it over to the European Parliament and the European Council who will take it into consideration and decide on the structural funds and their regulations. Conclusion The expansion of the European Union is going well throughout the decades; however, after accepting new members from the poorer regions, especially in the enlargement of 2004, the European Union has faced with a bigger problem of social and economic differences between member states. In order to cope with this matter, the Regional Policy has been emphasized on more than in the past to improve the newly-joined-less-developed regions and the old-less-developed regions economic and social status, so that they are compatible with the more developed countries. In order to improve the European Unions economic and social status, the market has to remain its competitiveness and solidarity, meaning that if the poorer countries are less capable, they may not be able to survive or improve their economy, but financially and socially fail. The Regional Policy helps improve the smaller bits of the member states in regional scale to make better environment for the future stronger economy of the cou ntries and strengthen their conditions, so that they will be able to compete in the domestic and international market, improve their social and economic situations and also those of the Union as a whole. References Regional Policy, 2009. Regional Policy. European Commission. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/policy/history/index_en.htm [Accessed 20 March 2010]. The EU`s 5th Enlargement, 2004. The European Union in the World. Enlargement. [online] Available at: http://www.dellbn.ec.europa.eu/en/enlargement/index.htm [Accessed 20 March 2010]. Malais J. Haegeman, H., 2009. Analysis on the European Union Regional Policy. European Union Regional Policy. [online] Available at: http://www.iiuedu.eu/press/journals/sds/sds1_july_2008/07_SECC_03.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2010].

Learning From Grandfather (Grandpa) Essays -- Personal Narrative Profi

Learning From Grandfather My brother and I are playing on the porch steps, and are being watched intently by my grandmother. She gently rocks on the old cream colored swing, which proclaims of its lack of oil with every movement of its chains. The green indoor-outdoor carpeting that covers the steps too shows its age, with concrete poking through the edges. It scratches my legs as I sit and build things with my legos, but I have gotten used to the feeling. Today isn’t too hot, but the cool breeze that blows through is a welcome change. That breeze rustles through the lone apple tree that stands in the center of the yard. To my young eyes the tree seems ancient, worth nothing more than the robins nest in its twisted old branches, the apples it manages to produce worm ridden and sour. But while the quality was low, the quantity was large enough that apples littered the ground. This was quite evident as my Dad moved the grass. The drone of the engine and blade would stop every few seconds as applesauce was made. The mower was an older model and hadn't a bag, so pieces of the apples could be fired a distance. To prevent this, my grandpap and Dad would rake up most of them, but a few were always missed. As Dad cut the grass, my Grandpap, dressed in his white tee shirt and blue pants as always, raked the grass into several neat piles. The scent of freshly mown grass and tart apple mingled with the ozone smell of the air. A wonderful scent, if only it were not interrupted with a bout of headache inducing exhaust from the mower. I, as the eldest child, had the honor of helping rake up the grass. Later in the day, when Dad had finished, the mounds would be transferred to a metal garbage can, and then taken down the all... ...I think my Dad agreed, but neither of us would tell Grandpap that. Although I was unafraid to leave the porch, my brother preferred to stay on the swing with grandma. My bravery didn’t last long, as Dad took the grass to the pile without my customary wheel barrow ride. As I hugged Grandpap and Grandma goodbye I asked him, â€Å"Why didn’t you just kill the snake?† He replied,† It has just as much right to live as the robins in the tree, Edward. The snake was just lost. It probably wouldn’t have hurt any of us. Once you kill something, you can’t change it. You’ve ended that thing forever.† Of the many things I learned from my Grandfather, none have stayed so clear in my mind as that one, the value of life. It was a great pity that I didn’t have long to learn from him, as he died a scant three years later, but the lessons that I did will stay with me forever.

Essay about Madagascar Essay

Madagascar is the worlds fourth largest island located 20 ° N and 47 ° E, just off the shore of Mozambique (Southern Africa). The area of the island is 587,040 kilometers â€Å", with 4,828 kilometers of coastline, and it is slightly larger than twice the size of Arizona. Madagascar is a high plateau with a narrow coastal plain and mountains on the top. Their main natural resources consist of graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, and hydropower. The land is 4.41% arable land, .093% is permanent crops, and 94.66% other. Madagascar has a population of 16,979,744 people, which means there is 30 people per square kilometer. Of the population 45% of people are between 0-14 years, 51.9% of people are between 15-64 years, and 3.1% of people are 64 and over. The population growth rate is 3.03% per year, the birth rate is 42.16 births per 1000 population per year, and the death rate is 11.88 deaths per 1000 population per year. The life expectancy for people of Madagascar is 53.86 for males and 58.53 for females. The rate for the number of people over 15 who can read and right is 68.9% The official name of Madagascar is the Republic of Madagascar. The official languages are French and Malagasy (Native). The main religions are 52% Local-Traditional Beliefs, 41% are Christian, and 7% are Islamic. Their type of government is a republic, in which their capital is located in Antananarivo. Madagascar divides the country into 6 provinces they are, Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, and Tolaira. Madagascar was formerly an independent kingdom before the 1880s. Madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free Presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier Ratsiraka, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier Ratsiraka and Marc Ravalomanana, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced Ravalomanana the winner. Their constitution was approved August 19, 1992 by national referendum. The Madagascar constitution establishes separation of powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches with a multi-party political system. The president is elected by universal suffrage (anyone 18 or over) for a five year term with a two-term limit. Prime minister is nominated by bicameral parliament composed of Senate and National Assembly, and approved by the president. Supreme Court has eleven members and forms apex of other judicial bodies. Local government consists of twenty-eight regions with decentralized powers in economic field. In the first legislative elections of Third Republic in 1993 more than 120 political parties entered 4,000 candidates for 138 seats. Proportional representation list system encourages candidacies. Madagascar is a member of Agency for the French-Speaking Community (ACCT), African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (ACP), African Development Bank (AfDB), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Food and Agriculture organization (FAO), Group of 77 (G-77), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Criminal Court (ICFTU)(Signatory), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM), International Development Association (IDA), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), International Labor Organization (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Maritime Organization (IMO), Indian Ocean Commission (InOC), International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), International Olympic Committee (IOC); International Organization for Migration (IOM), Nonaligned Movement (NAM), Organization of African Unity (OAU), United Nations (UN), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), World Confederation of Labor (WCL), World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), World Tourism Organization (WToO), and World Trade  Organization (WTrO). Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led policy of privatization and liberalization, which has placed the country on a slow and steady growth path. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for one-fourth of GDP and employing four-fifths of the population. Export earnings primarily are earned in the small industrial sector, which features textile manufacturing and agriculture processing. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel are serious concerns. The separatist political crisis of 2002 undermined macroeconomic stability, with the estimated drop in output being subject to a wide margin of error. Poverty reduction will be the centerpiece of economic policy for the next few years, seines how the 71% of the population are below the poverty line. Of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, the value comes from 63% services, 25% agriculture, and 12% industry. Services consist of the telephone system, air and rail transportation, tourism, and retail sale. Industry consists of meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly, paper, petroleum. Agricultural produces mostly coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton, mining, and petroleum products. A unique blend of African and Asian landscapes and cultures is usually one of the first things recognized by first-time travelers to Madagascar. In the zebu cattle-raising regions of the south and west, for example, the savannas resemble those of East Africa. In the central highlands, however, irrigated and terraced rice fields evoke images of Southeast Asia. These contrasting images lie at the heart of an ongoing debate over the origins of the Malagasy people. According to one theory, peoples from the Indonesian archipelago migrated along the coast of south Asia, across the Arabian Peninsula into the east coast of Africa and, finally, across the Mozambique Channel into present-day Madagascar. This movement occurred over several generations and, because of the gradual interaction between Asian and African populations, led to the  arrival and eventual implantation of a distinct Malagasy people and culture. A second theory emphasizes the diversity of the peoples inhabiting Madagascar. Simply put, proponents argue that the Malagasy resulted from a series of migrations by different peoples over time. According to this theory, migrants from the Indonesian archipelago arrived first and eventually settled in the central highlands, followed by the arrival of African peoples as a result of normal migrational trends and the rise of the slave trade. Recent scholarship has suggested that perhaps the theories are complementary, with greater emphasis b eing placed on the first. Scholars traditionally have described Madagascar as being divided into eighteen or twenty ethnic groups, each with its own distinct territory; political developments in the contemporary period are often described in terms of ethnic conflict. Yet ethnicity is potentially misleading in the Malagasy context because it connotes a more or less self-sufficient and unique cultural, socioeconomic, and historically united group that perceives itself as being different from other groups. Another potentially valuable method of analyzing Malagasy society is to differentiate between the so-called cotiers, or peoples living in coastal areas, and those who live in the central highlands. Indeed, scholars have noted in recent years that the salience of ethnic group identity has declined, while the division between the central highlands peoples and the cotiers continues to be of great importance in understanding social and political competition. Although many observers equate the term central highlander with the Merina ethnic group (once again suggesting the importance of ethnicity), it is important to note that the Betsileo people also live within this region, and the Merina themselves have settled in other regions of the country. Equally important, many cotiers do not live anywhere near the coast. In this sense, the central highlands/cotier split is best understood as the historical outcome of the domination of the Merina empire, the original center of which was Imerina (a round the city of Antananarivo) and was located in the central highlands.

If You Are What You Eat, What Are You Professor Ramos Blog

If You Are What You Eat, What Are You Diabetes and obesity, especially among children, in America has risen over the past few decades according to the website The State of Obesity. It states that â€Å"since 1980, obesity rates among teens ages 12 to 19 quadrupled, from 5% to 20.6%†(3). This statistic alone should alarming enough for us to reverse our bad habits yet here we are pressing the snooze button. It is my opinion that besides lack of exercise, the main contributor to this epidemic is due to poor eating habits caused by misleading foods that seem appealing to the eye but not the stomach. These unhealthy addictions produce an inability to enjoy a full life and can lead to a person having a higher risk of diabetes and/or obesity. However eating healthy and limiting all types of meat consumption is a way we can start lowing these statistics. It is imperative that Americans start learning the importance of eating healthy so we can change and maintain a balanced diet before we pass the point of no return. Can you believe that it was just merely a few years ago in 2015 that a child the age of three in Texas was diagnosed with type-2 diabetes? Not only was she the youngest human ever to get the disease but she was 77 lbs when diagnosed. Now based on the information from a website called Kids Health, â€Å"An average 4-year-old weighs about 40 pounds†(5). That is more than twice the normal weight of a child this age which categorizes her as obese. Her parents were the main contributors, being overweight and eating unhealthy themselves yet was it their fault or societies fault for not educating them to the dangers and risks that certain foods have? I can understand when a working family needs a quick solution and wants something fast and easy. Most parents rarely have time to make a home cooked meal every night but is it worth the risk of their children’s health? It scares me and because according to The State of Obesity website â€Å"Among 2- to 5-year-olds, the rate more than doubled, from 5% to 13.9%, as did the rate of 6- to 11-year-olds with obesity, from 6.5% to 18.4%†(3). This is a subject we should not take lightly. Did you know that there is a positive correlation between meat consumption and obesity as well as type-2 diabetes? In an article titled Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets the authors state that by â€Å"using linear and logistic regression analyses, they showed that there was a positive association between meat consumption and obesity†(1). Berkow and Barnard, the authors of this paper, even report that â€Å"in Nutrition Reviews that a vegan or vegetarian diet is highly effective for weight loss†(1). So does this mean that you can actually reverse the effects of obesity by sustaining a healthy and nutritious diet by cutting out meat products? Well with the help of your primary physician combined with a lot of discipline, some exercise and the right diet for your body, it is possible to get done to an appropriate weight. Especially in youth we must try to stop this with a proper diet and cutting out meat might be a way to do it because â€Å"studies ex ploring the risk of overweight and food groups and dietary patterns indicate that a plant-based diet seems to be a sensible approach for the prevention of obesity in children†. This study also stated that â€Å"The Adventist Health Studies found that vegetarians have approximately half the risk of developing diabetes as nonvegetarians. In 2008, The Permanente Journal/ Spring 2013/ Volume 17 No. 2 Original RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets Vang reported that nonvegetarians were 74% more likely to develop diabetes over a 17-year period than vegetarians†(1). Even looking at insulin production from another article it says that â€Å"Plant-based diets are high in fiber, antioxidants, and magnesium, all of which have been shown to promote insulin sensitivity†(2). It seems as if less meat consumption does more than help out the environment because it also helps the individual in the environment. Now we’ve all heard the saying â€Å"You are what you eat† but do you know where it came from? This phrase was first said by Anthelme Brillat-Savarian in 1826 as â€Å"Dis-moi ce que tu manges, je te dirai ce que tu es† with the direct translation being Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are(4). To think that almost 200 years ago is when this saying came into the world yet where is the world now? We’ve all heard this self-explanatory saying one way or another yet why does it seem that diabetes and obesity rates are rising? Could it be that our diets are contributing to this more than we even want to realize? What if we could isolate the problem of this epidemic and cut it out before it cuts us out? So if you are what you eat, what are you? It is crucial that you ask this to begin the journey to your healthiest self. Personally, I am a proud vegetarian who is transitioning into full vegan. This means I am a very conscious consumer to make su re I know exactly how my food was made and what care contributed to its making. This all started in middle school when I first learned about this lifestyle from my mom and aunt. Now at first I took up a vegetarian diet to lose weight, but in doing so I changed my life forever. I feel I have been at a perfect weight ever since and hope to enlighten those who want to change their lives not just for themselves but for their families too. So does this sound too good to be true or just maybe too hard for you?   Well whether it sounds easy or hard it may actually seem difficult to maintain when you start thinking about it. Yet once you realize that the effects of obesity are the result from an unhealthy balance of greasy fatty foods then maybe we can start tackling this epidemic. We as a nation can create a happy and healthy America but it must start with us, the people. WORKS CITED (1)Tuso, Phillip, Scott R. Stoll, and William W. Li. A plant-based diet, atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease prevention. The Permanente Journal 19.1 (2015): 62. (2)McMacken, Michelle, and Sapana Shah. A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.  Journal of geriatric cardiology: JGC  14.5 (2017): 342. (3) https://stateofobesity.org/ (4) http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/food/gastronomy/Physiologie_du_Gout_L.html (5) https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/growth-4-to-5.html

Data Base Essays

Data Base Essays Data Base Essay Data Base Essay C# Programming :: . NET Framework Which of the following statements are TRUE about the . NET CLR? 1. It provides a language-neutral development execution environment. 2. It ensures that an application would not be able to access memory that it is not authorized to access. 3. It provides services to run managed applications. 4. The resources are garbage collected. 5. It provides services to run unmanaged applications. A. Only 1 and 2 B. Only and 4 c. 1, 23,4 D. Only 4 and 5 Only 3 and 4 Answer Explanation Answer: Option C Explanation: No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss. 2. Which of the following are valid . NET CLR JIT performance counters? 1. Total memory used for JIT compilation 2. Average memory used for JIT compilation 3. Number of methods that failed to compile with the standard JIT 4. Percentage of processor time spent performing JIT compilation 5. Percentage of memory currently dedicated for JIT compilation 3. Which of the following statements is correct about Managed Code? Managed code is the code that is compiled by the JIT compilers. B. Managed code is the code where resources are Garbage Collected. C. Managed code is the code that runs on top of Windows. Managed code is the code that is written to target the services of the CLR. E. Managed code is the code that can run on top of Linux. Answer: Option D 4. Which of the following utilities can be used to compile managed assemblies into processor-specific native code? gacutil ngen dumpbin ildasm Answer: Option B 5. Which of the following are NOT true about . NET Framework? 1 . It provides a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or xecuted remotely. . It provides a code-execution environment that minimizes environment that promotes safe execution of code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party. 4. It provides different programming models for Windows-based applications and Web-based applications. 5. It provides an event driven programming model for building Windows Device Drivers. 6. Which of the followi ng components of the . NET framework provide an extensible set of classes that can be used by any . NET compliant programming language? .NET class libraries Common Language Runtime Common Language Infrastructure Component Object Model Common Type System Answer: Option A 7. Which of the following Jobs are NOT performed by Garbage Collector? 1 . Freeing memory on the stack. 2. Avoiding memory leaks. 3. Freeing memory occupied by unreferenced objects. 4. Closing unclosed database collections. 5. Closing unclosed files. 8. Which of the following . NET components can be used to remove unused references from the managed heap? CLR Garbage Collector Class Loader CTS 9. Which of the following statements correctly define . NET Framework? It is an environment for developing, building, deploying and executing Desktop Applications, Web Applications and Web Services. B. It is an environment for developing, building, deploying and executing only Web Applications. C. It is an environment for developing, building, deploying and executing Distributed Applications. D. It is an environment for developing, building, deploying and executing Web Services. Explanation 10. Which of the following constitutes the . NET Framework? 1 . ASP. NET Applications 2. CLR 3. Framework Class Library 4. WinForm Applications . Windows Services No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss. 11. Which of the following assemblies can be stored in Global Assembly Cache? Private Assemblies Friend Assemblies Shared Assemblies Public Assemblies Protected Assemblies No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss. View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum 12. Unmanaged Distributed Legacy Managed Code Native Code 13. Which of the following statements is correct about the . NET Framework? .NET Framework uses DCOM for achieving language interoperability. B. .NET Framework is built on the DCOM technology. .NET Framework uses DCOM for making transition between managed and unmanaged code. D. .NET Framework uses DCOM for creating unmanaged applications. E. .NET Framework uses COM+ services while creating Distributed Applications. Answer 14. Which of the following is the root of the . NET type hierarchy? System. ObJect System. Type System. Base System. Root 15. Which of the following benefits do we get on running managed code under CLR? 1 . Type safety of the code running under CLR is assured. 2. It is ensured that an application would not access the memory that it is not authorized to access. 3. It launches separate process for every application running under it. 4. The resources are Garbage collected. Only 2, 3 and 4 only 4 All of the above Answer: Option E No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss. 16. Which of the following security features can . NET applications avail? 1. PIN Security 2. Code Access Security 3. Role Based Security 4. Authentication Security 5. Biorhythm Security 17. Which of the following Jobs are done by Common Language Runtime? It provides core services such as memory management, thread management, and remoting. 2. It enforces strict type safety. 3. It provides Code Access Security. 4. It provides Garbage Collection Services. only 3, 4 18. Which of the following statements are correct about a . NET Assembly? 1. It is the smallest deployable unit. 2. Each assembly has only one entry point Main(), WinMain() or DLLMain(). 3. An a ssembly can be a Shared assembly or a Private assembly. 4. An assembly can contain only code and data. 5. An assembly is always in the form of an EXE file. 19. Which of the following statements are correct about JIT? 1 . JIT compiler compiles instructions into machine code at run time. 2. The code compiler by the JIT compiler runs under CLR. 3. The instructions compiled by JIT compilers are written in native code. 4. The instructions compiled by JIT compilers are written in Intermediate Language (IL) code. 5. The method is JIT compiled even if it is not called 20. Which of the following are parts of the . NET Framework? 1 . The Common Language Runtime (CLR) 2. The Framework Class Libraries (FCL) 3. Microsoft Published Web Services . Applications deployed on 11S 5. Mobile Applications only 1, z 3 only only 1, z 4 only 4, 5 Datatypes Which of the following statements are correct about data types? 1 . If the integer literal exceeds the range of byte, a compilation error will occur. 2. We cannot implicitly convert non-literal numeric types of larger storage size to byte. 3. Byte cannot be implicitly converted to float. 4. A char can be implicitly converted to only int data type. 5. We can cast the integral character codes. Which of the following is an 8-byte Integer? Char Long Short Byte Integer

Instructional Project Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructional Project Analysis Report - Essay Example Reading activities are aimed at increasing reading comprehension, developing vocabulary and research skills. Writing activities are aimed at developing accuracy in written information through simple compositions and accomplishing forms. The course consists of 12 modules. According to Chamut (1995), cognitive language learning fosters school achievement of students who are learning through the medium of a second language. Non-native English speakers face problems in learning academic subjects which use English as the medium of instruction. Due to the widespread use of English worldwide, language courses in English have become part of the academic curriculum in most countries. However, the English course in these situations take on the nature of a foreign language course and fails to really develop language proficiency skills in terms of comprehension, vocabulary and research skills due to limited usage of the language in everyday life. The instructional problem that arises therefore, is how to build on the existing language knowledge of English and implement a training strategy that hones English literacy skills allowing the participants to develop the ability to use oral and written English for daily needs, develop basic conversation skills and voca bulary, and use simple sentence patterns. The training is based on cognitive learning theory in which learners are mentally active participants in the teaching-learning process. Mental activity in the learners occur when they apply prior knowledge to new problems and search for meaning in new information. The instructional problem relates to a cognitive domain performance issues that can be solved by training. The goal of instructional programs is to build knowledge and skills that can be re-used for later learning or in various life situations, such as career. ESL training to help improve academic performance

State capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

State capitalism - Essay Example How counter concept socialism, this tool for fighting is often utilized in political debate. For some, it is very improbable that this period has adequate technical merit. There is no short and so straightforward delineation of the notion is usually acknowledged, for the straightforward cause that communal idea in general, in a sense, this is a try to work out the source, environment and destiny of capitalism (Bremmer 240). Therefore, what should of necessity highly selective representation. Its aim is directed at some centered issue of outlook on capitalism as humanity, as annals and as a presence. Theories State capitalism is a scheme in which the government actions as "the superior financial contestant, and is utilized mostly in markets for political purposes. The last cause is not financial (maximum growth), but the political (the greatest power of the state and the possibilities of survival on the direction)." Presence of the state in the finances, although, does not mechanicall y make the state-capitalist country. In the end, the international economic urgent position that started in 2008 apparently established that even the authorities of the capitalist market, in dire attenuating components, manage not hesitate to attempt a huge intervention in their economies. The distinction between them and the capitalist state, Bremmer said that government intervention will not be glimpsed as "a sequence of provisional assesses to refurbish the shattered finances and revive the finances into recession," but as "long-term strategic principle decisions." To state capitalist markets work â€Å"mainly as a device that assists the nationwide concern, or not less than those of the ruling elite, other than as an motor of opening for the man (Van Kersbergen 82-105)". Patterns have not become recognizable for the fact that the capitalist administrators have accepted free markets and free persons as a reality, but due to the fact that they have accepted that they can hold a r estriction on both. By the time Obama went into the agency, state capitalism was the dignity of the court of Moscow, Beijing and elsewhere. History, Political Idea, Financial Schemes People conceive these organizations through their own activities, but not habitually by alternative or as they glimpse fit. Marx and Marxists concentrated their theoretical and empirical study on the capitalist scheme and the emergence and transformation. Due to the mismatch between the organizations between, for demonstration, "productive forces" (among other things, new information, technologies and technical expansion that assist to the creation of such a force) and the "relations of output (for demonstration, personal ownership of entails of output or administration scheme and control), the capitalist scheme in urgent position, finally premier to transformation. In supplement, up to date capitalism has been making the figures and more items, but such productive fertility is endangered by need of buy er demand (staff) (Galbraith 87-99). Manufacturers are opposite smaller earnings, or some bankruptcy of many. This directs to the consolidation and paves the way for the future are often more international crises. According to Marx, technological advancement and information, expanding the dimensions of output flats, assist to alterations in the way of output and, therefore, to redistribute power between categories over time. And circulation, lead to alterations in political and heritage institutions3 said