Trends in contemporary society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management Process Paper Essay Example for Free

Key Management Process Paper Essay The vital administration process comprises of four significant segments; they are natural checking, methodology definition, procedure execution, and assessment and control. They each are separated into their particular jobs inside the key administration process. The Environmental Scanning is the observing, assessing, and spreading of data from the outer and inward situations to key individuals inside the enterprise. A simple method to utilize this segment would be SWOT, this abbreviation represents Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats and it shows the key elements for every individual organization. The following part of the procedure is the Strategy Formula and that is the advancement of long-extend plans for the successful administration of nature openings and treats, considering corporate qualities and shortcomings, this procedure additionally relay’s on the SWOT procedure. This procedure characterizes the corporate crucial, indicates reachable targets, creates methodologies and helps setting strategy rules. Methodologies Implementation is the procedure of which systems and polices are placed without hesitation through the improvement of projects, spending plans, and strategies. This procedure can make changes occur inside an organization, for example, by and large culture, structure, and the board arrangement of the whole association. At the point when a corporate wide change is required the usage of procedure will be led by the center and lower level administration, and afterward the higher supervisory group would audit those changes. This can be called operational arranging too and that would execute everyday changes. The last procedure of the vital administration process is assessment and control; this is the procedure which corporate exercises and execution results are observed with the goal that the exhibition that is going on now can be contrast with what is normal. This would apply to chiefs on all levels andâ they utilize this data to make restorative move and resolve any issues. This piece of the procedure can likewise pinpoint shortcomings in past executed key plans and can make the procedure start from the very beginning once more (Wheelen Hunger, 2010). Vital administration is significant for some reasons. Above all else these procedures help pioneers to execute the vision and strategic the organization, and what objectives are expected to get the organization where it needs to go. Normally made by the proprietor or top administration in an organization, the key administration plan offers course and direction to the workers, sets up quantifiable objectives and timetables and assigns obligations of all staff. Showcasing and deals projections are remembered for the key arrangement just as plans to survey the accomplishments of every division (Ray, 2012, p.1). BMW Strategic Process BMW is a German car and cruiser producer. BMW autos are viewed as extravagance vehicles with unlimited measures of choices and costly sticker prices. The organization, which was one after another was seriously battling monetarily is very effective. The association keeps on selling more consideration consistently, made solid brand acknowledgment, and an unwavering client following. BMW made what they call corporate Strategy Number One; this incorporates plans for the future, overview results, and execution assessments. The reason for the procedure is to seek after the vision of being the main supplier of premium items and premium administrations for singular portability (BMW Group†, n.d.). The methodology keeps on depicting the goal and how BMW plans to arrive at those targets. To explain the association incorporated the outcomes from reviews dispersed to investors and representatives. The difficulties the organization faces were likewise unmistakably spread out, alongside past accomplishments. End In the wake of looking at all the vital components to a key administration process one can comprehend why each is important to make progress. The components cooperate and when done appropriately do as such with little exertion. Notwithstanding, to redirect any difficulties from rivalry the components need looking at as often as possible to check whether changes are vital. BMW furnishes an excellentâ example of an association with strong vital administration. The association has obvious procedures and assesses current procedure and is looking to what's to come. References: Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2010). Ideas in Strategic Management and Business Policy Achieving Sustainability (twelfth ed.). Recovered on September 15, 2014 from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Beam, L. (2012). Vital Management Process, eHow Contributor. Recovered September 15, 2014 from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4964358_strategic-the board process.html BMW Group. (n.d.). Recovered on September 15, 2014 from http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/verantwortung/publikationen/sustainable_value_report_2008/_pdf/SVR_2008_engl_Kapitel_1.pdf

Introduction To Politics Example

Introduction To Politics Example Introduction To Politics â€" Essay Example > Introduction to Politics In classical forms, principle of sovereignty is used to describe a world where the supreme power is being exercises within a certain territorial unit. This essay shall discuss the problems of the idea of citizenship in modern globalized world. It shall then seek to justify whether state should interfere with the liberty of an individual. State is governed through a constitution. The essay shall seek to identify how important a constitution is in making a sovereign state legitimate. It shall then seek to identify whether politic is a science or an art. Citizenship describes the procedural legal relationship between an individual or person and the policy. For a very long time, the theories of citizenship have been based on the idea of politically independent and self-governing policies. The relationship between citizenship and politics forms source of most problems associated with citizenship. Citizenship is conceived from political institutions which are li berated to act according to the will, interest of authority over their citizens. The rank of citizenship in democratic societies is often regarded as legal. It often intended to be associated with the progressive projects which are of broad concept of membership in the community. At the same time it is difficult in such a community to assume that every member has equal rights. Some members will enjoy more privileges than others, due to the status and hierarchy they are in the society. Formal equalities like travel and voting rights, economic positions and social cultural fall short for different citizens enjoying the same membership. This inequality also results to the notion of having second-class citizens. Citizenship should not discriminate on gender, class or race, but should be neutral to all the people. However, positions taken by different people and groups within the states globally, have allowed discriminations in to take sides in these areas. It is evident throughout the ages the membership of citizenship has experienced challenges over time. Globalization then accelerates the tension of citizenship in the concept of equality based on the membership. Globalization puts emphasis on different identities of the membership custom. This makes it harder to utilize a citizenship as singular notion or as a single legal status that links directly to nation state which is the centre of domestic and international law. While it is supposed to identify citizens’ responsibilities and rights by the virtue of legal citizenship, its social, political and legal rights are determined through other alternatives that are based on the framework of the state. Responsibilities like voting, political rights and representation in the democratic systems, mobility, travel and social rights are some of the rights infringed in this case. In defining citizenship, the definition is linked to nationality and the international law. The international law affirms that the country or the state can determine who is to be considered the citizen of that state and who should not be. In domestic laws, the law concerning who will and who will not be determined to be a citizen of a country vary from one country to another. This leads to many people acquiring different nationality and even in some situations some may acquire more than citizenship in different countries just by fulfilling formal requirements. Most of the problems associated with citizenship are due to states government. The liberty of the citizens is held by this state organ.

Big Brother Is Watching You Essay - 1770 Words

â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You,† is the famous quote from George Orwell’s 1984, where the government regulates everything and the Thought Police could be reading the minds of the citizens at any moment. Many people fear big government; the world has experienced the destruction of fascists, dictators, Marxist socialism, as well as other dangerous political ideologies. More recently, people have been worried about the demagogue that has become our next president and ATT selling information to law enforcement. It is contended that any problems brought on by a large government are internal problems of self-regulation; for example; the revolving door between special interests and politicians, as well as the problem of career-politicians. Despite the problems that come with a big government, namely higher taxes, it is far superior to a smaller federal government, and far better than a nonexistent federal government, where the states decide laws individually. There are many different political ideologies that purport to be the best, but in the end a healthy mix of different governing styles has been proven to best suite the masses. it is true that big government can be done wrong - North Korea is the most prominent modern example, but in countries like Denmark (known as the happiest country in the world), Finland, and Switzerland, large government, in the form of socialism, works out very well. Ultimately, there are many benefits to large governments such as responding to issues onShow MoreRelatedBig Brother Is Watching You1106 Words   |  5 Pages AP US Government Mrs. Bradshaw 25 August 2014 Big Brother is Watching You 1984 is a novel that takes place in a Totalitarian dystopia named Oceania. The story follows a member of this futuristic society named Winston Smith, who is strongly opposed to the omniscient and oppressive â€Å"Big Brother† who runs the country. Winston works for the government in a division called the Ministry of Truth. He is responsible for altering history in the government’s favor. The government attempts to control theRead MoreIs Big Brother Watching You725 Words   |  3 PagesMark Horton AC1208870 EN130.1.1 English Composition II Assignment 7 Argument Essay 03/03/13 Is Big Brother Watching You Employers want their employees to feel safe at the work place. After all a safe, happy worker is a productive worker. Today companies spend millions of dollars annually on security systems and security guards. Some companies even check the purses and bags of its employees as they enter and leave the workplace. Many employees feel that this is necessary. However, weRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You2232 Words   |  9 PagesBig Brother â€Å"Big Brother is watching you† (Orwell 2). Orwell’s simple phrase in his novel, 1984, has become the backbone of modern-day conspiracy theorists’ discussions. While Orwell may have been writing this novel for cautionary purposes, he is far closer to reality than he might have thought with his prophesies of the future and what would come of the government. Surveillance is one of many topics that Orwell’s 1984 incorporates into its fictional tale of a robotic society held under the strongRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (p. 1). Headed by a sacrosanct leader identified as Big Brother, the Party’s solitary goal is to retain absolute power over Oceania. The citizens are subjected to constant supervision and incessant propaganda via telescreens that not only monitor the citizens’ actions and thoughts but also rectify them to suit the Party’s invidious desires. The Party is even developing a new language called Newspeak, which eliminates abundant verbiage from the dictionary, to narrow theRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You1186 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people talk about government snooping or spying on Americans the big thing they really have a problem with is the Patriot Act. What this act did was give sweeping surveillance and domest ic gathering powers to law enforcement in the name of fighting terrorism. I wonder if you take a poll between the people who have suffered through a terror attack and the people who have not, how much off a difference in opinion there would be. The debate has heated up over the last few months thanks to an individualRead MoreEssay on Is Big Brother Watching You?1669 Words   |  7 Pagessome point were considered impossible. The concept of having a personal computer was once impractical because the computers were just too big for the average home, now we can just about fit them in our pockets. What happens when that kind of innovation and creativity is turned against you? What if someone else was watching you through your computer without you ever knowing? Government surveillance has always been an issue in the past, a touchy one at that; people love their privacy however withRead MoreBig Brother isnt watching you- analysis961 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Big brother isn’t watching you Big brother isn’t watching you, is a commentary written by comedian, actor, writer and musician, Russell Brand. The commentary is about the 2011 UK riots, also called the â€Å"Blackberry riots† because the riots were organized with social media and mobile devices, such as the phone Blackberry. Russell Brand critiques the behavior from his countrymen and the riots make him go through his memories from his time living in London (Essex). He now resides in Los Angeles,Read MoreEssay about Big Brother Is Watching You763 Words   |  4 Pages Big Brother Is Watching You nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;My name is Winston Smith, a man of 39 living in Oceania, and I am the last sane man on earth. I believe the date to be 1984, even though I have no real proof of it. London, as I know it, is a place devastated by hunger and disrepair. A place where every action and thought are closely monitored. For as long as I can remember, the Party has been in control. The principles of Ingsoc1 and Big Brother have been dictating public interest hereRead More 1984 Big Brother Is Watching You Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages Someone has always been there to tell you what to do in life. As a young child, you were told to behave properly and not to eat too many sweets. As you grew older and older, it seemed as if the responsibilities became greater and greater in number. Even as an adult, there was always an officious boss telling you what to do. There was always some higher force that bound your actions. Authority was the major theme in the novel 1984, by George Orwell. Authority was also a profound factor in StanleyRead MoreTotalitarian Government In George Orwells Big Brother Is Watching You1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1984, â€Å"Big Brother Is Watching You.† One can not take two steps without bumping into a poster of a stern-looking man seeming to stare into the soul of the viewer. Big Brother acts as a Godlike figure to the citizens of Oceania, a super-nation constantly at war with the two super-nations. The government of Oceania, the Party, keeps citizens in a vice-like grip through constant surveillance and laws placed on every aspect of human existence. The only loyalty allowed is to the Party. They control

Climate Change Whos to Blame - 1008 Words

Climate change is defined as the alteration in patterns in temperature and weather. A new wave of climate change, bringing warmer temperatures and more extreme storms, began to catch the attention of scientists sometime in the late 20th century. It is blamed perhaps on the increased burning of fossil fuels, contributing to the greenhouse gases that harm the environment (â€Å"Climate Change,† CQ). On the contrary, it is something that simply occurs naturally. It occurs over long periods of time and has several years of increased change. For example, one extremely cold winter that occurs only once does not indicate climate change (â€Å"Climate Change,† Berkshire). However, having hotter summers than ever before for long periods of time, as we are†¦show more content†¦One piece of research provides that the movement of continental plates affects the climate. These movements change the contours and shape of the ocean floor, which alters currents which can indeed have an impact on weather patterns. The Earth has had many alterations of climate in its lifespan, all of which have been due to natural cycles. There have always been fluctuations in temperature, bringing heat waves and ice ages. Why is our current pattern considered different? It could be that the Earth is changing again, as it does every so often. Although the increase in temperatures can be blamed on what we have done to our atmosphere, the colder winters can only put natural processes at fault. If humans are not behind global warming, they are not obligated to fix the problem, nor do they feel that they are. In fact, they do not see climate change as a problem that needs to be fixed at all, simply because it is part of the nature of our planet. Just as it has always been capable of, life will adapt to the changes and continue surviving, most likely with little realization that it is even happening. Model projections, which are used to validate man made climate change, do not a ctually mean anything. They disregard the processes and cycles that may occur rarely in the atmosphere that have an effect on temperatures. Therefore, these models are not realistic to predictingShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Healthcare Crisis Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesand fighting climate change. All important issues, to be sure, but why isn’t more attention being given to something that could bankrupt millions of Americans and cause a crippling shortage of practitioners in the very near future? Who’s to Blame for the Healthcare Crisis? That depends on who you ask. If you ask physicians they’ll quickly point the finger at the insurance companies. If you ask the insurance companies, they’ll blame the bureaucrats, and if you ask bureaucrats they’ll blame Dr. SeussRead MoreThe Hemorrage in the Democratic Party624 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Congress is completely out of touch with the low income working class.† This statement is something that we all have known for quite some time but something we painstakingly became more aware of since The Great Recession of 2008. But can we really blame them? 46 percent of members of Congress are millionaires with preferential job benefits and top of the line health insurance. How can we possibly expect these members of congress to understand what the common low wage worker wants? How can we expectRead MoreLiterature Review On Energy Poverty1632 Words   |  7 Pagesabout 30 per cent of world’s total energy. Energy crisis for the poor sector of the population, in other words can be known as energy poverty. There are many different visions of energy poverty. According to Eguino article, he’s referred to Reddy who’s defined energy poverty as: â€Å"The absence of sufficient choice in accessing adequate, affordable, reliable, high quality, safe and environmental benign energy services to support economics and human development†. Analogously, Awan, Sher and Abbas statedRead MoreAnalysis Of John Hawthorne s White Whale 1284 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex, and puzzling as Melville s white whale in Moby Dick. A moral story in writing is a story where characters, articles, and occasions have a shrouded importance and are utilized to present some widespread lesson. Hawthorne has an immaculate climate for the images in The Scarlet Letter on the grounds that the Puritans saw the world through moral story. For them, basic examples, similar to the meteor streaking through the sky, got to be religious or good understandings for human occasions. ItemsRead MoreThe Global Polio Eradication Campaign1808 Words   |  8 Pagesthe impossible goal of eradication. It is of the culture of the WHO to nurture optimism, goodwill and an attitidue of unparallel efficacy. However, unbridled optimism has its drawbacks; it blurs reality and impedes problem-solving and organizational change. Ultimate triumph, great zeal, confidence, better future are some the beliefs we often associate with optimism. Studies of the human psyche suggest that individuals with positive outlook of the future, who perceive themselves having greater controlRead MoreEnvironment and Ethical Issues in The Book by John Broome Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesthe earth by emitting CO2 in the air, global warming will continue to melt the polar ice caps; we face a crisis that can potentially kill off thousands of people. Broome’s main issue in the book Climate Matters is the moral injustice of Knowing we are doing something wrong and not doing anything to change, because of our transgressions. Broome believes; many people throughout the world will be displaced, because of the constant rising seawater, and many people will die if we continue down this pathRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4902 Words   |  20 Pagesbetter living nor somehow eliminate poverty? But the biggest question left unanswered. Can we still eliminate poverty? Was there a chance for survival? Most of all the huge echo that stroke us left our hearts with pain and hope. Who’s to blame with our sufferings, which’s to blame with our unending despair? Is it the government fault? Or are we all responsible for these shame and despair we’re facing? II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.Why Philippines is drowning in poverty? 2.Are you experiencingRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4887 Words   |  20 Pagesbetter living nor somehow eliminate poverty? But the biggest question left unanswered. Can we still eliminate poverty? Was there a chance for survival? Most of all the huge echo that stroke us left our hearts with pain and hope. Who’s to blame with our sufferings, which’s to blame with our unending despair? Is it the government fault? Or are we all responsible for these shame and despair we’re facing? II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.Why Philippines is drowning in poverty? 2.Are you experiencing lackRead MoreEssay about Explanation for Criminality from a Sociological Perspective4008 Words   |  17 Pagesexistence before any particular actor came on that scene. In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and compelling of any particular person. Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which they live. Political philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists have long observed that a condition of socialRead MoreFrom a Sociological Perspective Essay4053 Words   |  17 Pagesexistence before any particular actor came on that scene. In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and compelling of any particular person. Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which they live. Political philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists have long observed that a condition of social

Cabbage vs. Lettuce Free Essays

Not knowing the difference between the two is enough to irritate ere, and mistaking them for the other is a whole different level of anger and f rustication that could possibly awaken from a pet peeve. It was important enough for her to make a whole blob post on the subject. Natural curiosity got the best of me as I then began to research the e differences and similarities of these vegetables. We will write a custom essay sample on Cabbage vs. Lettuce or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tang 2 Cabbage and lettuce are actually from two sign efficiently different plant families to begin with. From first glance it is slightly difficult to immediately tell which of the Greg en’s it is in a dish because of how similar their colors and shapes are when cut, cooked, and pre eared. Starting off with the cabbage, according to Bruce of weeklies, it comes from the brassier CAE family of flowering plants otherwise known as mustard flowers or the cabbage family. Other welkin species within the family include broccoli, cauliflower, radish, and turnips. Cab pages are often in the form of a decently large, round flower bud of leaves. It looks similar to its notorious cousin, the Brussels sprout, but only more sizable. The cabbage leaves are compact, the kick, dense, and fibrous, so it is not as easy to bend anywhere or else it would break in half. W hen grown at a arm or at home, cabbages grow in a whole flower formation With extensive Ii eaves encircling the middle. To harvest it, people naturally cut the cabbage Stem at the base, leave Eng the large outer leaves still intact to the stem, to collect the middle bud. As for lettuce, they come from the assistance family, also known as the sinful rower family. The other welkin species within assistance include chrysanthemum m and artichokes. Lettuce commonly share a similar small cone shape with the artichoke, but the eye can come In a more sphere shape like the cabbage, as seen with the iceberg lettuce. The lea eves are more flexible around the outer parts but a bit thicker along the middle, so it can be utilized as a wrap for some dishes. They can also be easily separated by simply pulling each leaf apart. When harvested, the whole lettuce plant is either dug up or cut off near the soil. As a result, the main aesthetic differences to note are the shape before and oaf term harvesting, and the thickness or compactness of the leaves’ composition. How ever, they do not only differ aesthetically but also in taste and smell. The lettuce has a much high her water content Tang 3 Han cabbages, and that gives it the refreshing feel when bitten into. Consensus entry, having a high water content, lettuce cannot be easily preserved through freezing canning, o r drying. On the bright side, that means it is also served fresh and majority of the time. Sadly, c Babbage may have a bitter taste and smell to them when either raw or cooked, but that does not stop us from making great dishes with them. On account of the previous stated facts, each vegetable serves its own special place in cooking. Majority of lettuce is eaten raw in salads and sandwiches, or used as Arians like cilantro on tacos. The reason for not using lettuce in cooking is mainly due to I TTS high water content. Cooking it in some ways may give some undesirable results such as b Ewing too soggy. Chime is a common Korean recipe that serves as a fermented vegetable side dish with multiple seasonings that utilizes cabbages often. The cabbage is able to maintain its cry mushiness and absorb flavors through its density. The same could go for other dishes such a s the popular coleslaw. If you were to substitute the cabbage shreds with lettuce, the texture e of the meal would to have the chunky and crunchy feel, but a more wet and soft texture through hoot. Although, cabbages may win in cooking versatility, it does not render the lettuce as been g inferior. Going past the cooking and looking into the nutrition facts, the natural coma session of both the cabbage and lettuce speak for their nutrition. With the greater density y, the cabbage packs the higher calorie and dietary fiber count at nearly three times the ammo aunt the same serving of lettuce can provide. Each of the greens are also great sources of vitamin A ( helps maintain lathe vision, white blood cells, and skin tissue), vitamin C (helps maintain he althea skin, bones, metabolism, and immune system), and potassium (assists with protein for blob odd and bones). How to cite Cabbage vs. Lettuce, Papers

The Achievement Gap free essay sample

This term paper is broken down into three parts. In Part I, I will address the causes of the achievement gap and why it is so difficult to overcome for certain underperforming subgroups. I believe that the underlying factor causing the achievement gap is money. In a direct sense, it is clear that having money is a big advantage for students and not having money creates a host of challenges. The economically disadvantaged achievement gap is created when economic factors cause poor students to begin school behind the curve and then pose obstacles to closing the gap as they get older. There is an achievement gap for ethic groups, as well. Part of this gap can be explained by the fact that historical factors have led to African American and Hispanics being overly represented in the economically disadvantaged category. There are also social and cultural factors that lead to discrepancies in achievement, but tracing these back far enough will show that economic factors played a role in shaping the social and cultural climate. We will write a custom essay sample on The Achievement Gap or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The gap is extremely difficult to close because the current systems do not close the gap, but, instead, perpetuate a cycle of underperformance. In Part II, I will look at some raw testing data from Rancho Milpitas Middle School. This data supports the idea of the achievement gap numerically and provides some specific areas of concern. In Part III, I will describe some methods I would use to try and address the achievement gap in an individual classroom. I will use the data from Part II to focus my specific methods and decisions on Hispanic, specifically ELL, students. ? Part I. Causes of the Achievement Gap One of the major issues in American public education right now is the significant and persistent gap in achievement between certain subgroups and the rest of the population. Two of the major gaps occur for the subgroup of economically disadvantaged students and ethnic students, specifically African American and Hispanic students. The achievement gap is an extremely nuanced and complicated issue that would be impossible to break down completely, but the underlying and overwhelming factor causing the achievement gap is money. Economic disadvantage produces a number of factors that create an achievement gap. Certain ethnic groups have achievement gaps because historical context has led to those groups being economically disadvantaged. Economic disadvantage also influences the social and cultural factors that create achievement gaps for ethnic groups. Money also causes the achievement gap to be extremely difficult to close. The socioeconomic factors that cause the achievement gap all stem from the wide gap in wealth that exists across our country. Being poor does not directly cause students to struggle or make them less capable. A higher income, and the resources it can buy, creates an atmosphere much more conducive to student development and learning. Before school even begins, students who grow up in economically disadvantaged homes are less likely to have access to books and educational materials, and technology. They are less likely to have educated parents to read with them and less likely to have a full-time parent at home. This means most economically disadvantaged children are growing up in a less enriching and stimulating environment during early childhood. Economically disadvantaged students also have less access to health care and proper nutrition which are both important to healthy brain development. These early contributors lead to an observable gap in student test scores before they have even entered kindergarten. Before one day of school has taken place, economically disadvantaged students are starting off behind their peers. As they get older and progress through school, economically disadvantaged students continue to be subject to an unstable environment. There are a number of distractions associated with this environment. Students may be worried about their basic needs, like food, water, shelter, clothing or personal safety. School and education are always going to be sacrificed at the expense of basic human needs and desires. Economically disadvantaged students may also have less time to devote to school. It is possible that poor students have to work or look after younger siblings after school to help out their families. This does not leave a lot of time for school work and studying. Being in the economically challenged subgroup creates a gap in achievement before the start of school and forms an environment that serves to maintain that gap or even widen it. There are also noticeable achievement gaps between different ethnic subgroups, specifically African American and Hispanic students. These ethnic groups are much more likely to be economically disadvantaged, and, as previously discussed, being at an economic disadvantage is directly linked to lower achievement in school. There are obvious historical hurdles that have created economic disadvantages for these groups. Slavery, persecution, and unfavorable laws for both African Americans and Hispanics goes back many years and put these subgroups on the lower tiers of American society. Since their introduction to this country, these subgroups have been disproportionately economically disadvantaged. Today, many of the laws that perpetuated this persecution are now gone. Racism is declining and cultural acceptance is on the rise. There are new laws that legally protect people from being persecuted on the basis of race. Even with all of this progress, the wealth gap still exists for these ethnic groups. Just because the major agents that caused the gap have been eliminated, it does not instantly level the playing field. Because of the high correlation between economic advantage and superior achievement, the richer and higher achieving groups tend to stay richer and high achieving. The historical disadvantage is extremely difficult to overcome. Aside from economics, there must be other factors at play. Even at the same economic level, there are achievement gaps between different ethnic subgroups. There are certain social and cultural factors that lead to the achievement gap for African Americans and Hispanics. Many of the social causes of the achievement gap stem from the way people view and treat African Americans and Hispanics. It would be naive to believe that racism no longer plays a factor in our society today. On the overt side, there still exist people who believe certain races are inferior and will deliberately try to keep these races from succeeding. This mindset is not as common today and does not make the same major impact that it did fifty years ago. It still, however, can lead to decisions that put African Americans and Hispanics at a disadvantage. It could involve something as small as a business owner deciding who to hire or as large as policy makers continuing prejudiced practices. More prevalent is the covert type of racism that leads to stereotypes and low expectations. People’s stereotypes and assumptions about race make a huge impact on the way they treat members of those subgroups. Teachers could have lower expectations for African American and Hispanic students, letting these students off the hook. These assumptions are often self-fulfilling. Making excuses and lower expectations for certain students gives them an excuse to work less and, ultimately, causes them to fall behind. By setting lower expectations, teachers are not helping students feel better, but actually causing students to underperform. When people ignore historical and economic factors, they often blame the achievement gap solely on race. This stereotype that certain races are underperformers seeps into the cultural consciousness. This stereotype can lead to these subgroups being passed up for desirable jobs. Lower paying jobs cause more economic disparity which continues the cycle of the achievement gap. Many of the cultural factors that cause the achievement gap come from within the culture of the underperforming subgroup. Different cultures can place different levels of importance on education and getting a degree. If much of the older generation did not graduate from high school, a culture may focus on graduating high school as the ultimate goal. Meanwhile, mainstream culture is completely focused on kids getting a college degree. There is also an argument that standardized tests can be culturally biased. Students from certain ethnic backgrounds miss out on the cultural references that are required to answer some questions. If the test is biased culturally, the achievement gap can’t close until the culture changes. There is also a common cultural idea that succeeding in school is â€Å"acting white† and looked down upon. This is an extremely difficult cultural hurdle to overcome. The goal of succeeding in school is not embedded in the cultural framework and, instead, is discouraged by it. Even though these are all factors that come from within the culture itself, it is important to remember that these are cultures forged in times of racism, persecution and poverty. It is not surprising that something seemingly unattainable years ago, equal success with white students, is not valued by those cultures. The cycle of poverty has affected the cultural ideals and values. Trying to close the achievement gap is not a new phenomenon. There are countless theories on what policies and practices are best close the gap. There have been numerous large-scale and small-scale attempts to bring up the underperforming subgroups. Even if attempts have had some success, there does not appear to be a plausible and identifiable solution available right now. The only conclusion that can definitively be drawn is that the achievement gap is extremely difficult to close. This difficulty stems in part from the way public schools are organized, the current economic situation in the country, and the fact that even good teaching or policies may raise overall achievement, but not necessarily narrow the gap. A major problem with closing the achievement gap is the way public schools are funded. Much of the funding is based on property taxes in the area. This ensures that economically advantaged areas will have the best schools and that economically disadvantaged areas will have the worst schools. With less money, schools in poor areas have higher student to teacher ratios, older materials, fewer extracurricular activities, worse facilities and less access to services. It also means teachers will be paid less. This discourages the best teachers from going where they are most needed. With this set up, children with rich parents go to best schools, succeed, and make more money in the future. They can now buy houses in affluent areas and continue the cycle. This is an oversimplification, but illustrates the cyclical nature of the system currently in place. Another problem is the overall economic status of the country. We currently have a shrinking middle class. As the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, it is becoming increasingly difficult for families to improve their economic situation. Education is supposed to be an equalizer that gives everyone opportunities, but students are starting on the most uneven playing field in recent history. It’s nice to believe that students can be whatever they want in the future, but socioeconomic mobility is getting harder and harder. Until students can start on a relatively level playing field, the odds will always be stacked against some students. A final challenge to closing the achievement gap is that good teaching practices and good educational policies may be very successful at improving student performance, and, yet, still do nothing to narrow the gap. How is this possible? Good teaching practices to help those on the bottom of the gap will ultimately benefit the students on top, as well. As all students improve, the gap remains, just at a higher level. ? Part II. Middle School Data I collected data for Rancho Milpitas Middle School in the Milpitas School District on the California Department of Education website. Table A: Proficiency for Select Subgroups % Proficient or Above% of Enrollment EnglishMath All Students74%69%93% Not Disadvantaged83%78%54% Disadvantaged61%58%40% Fluent English84%73%77% ELL23%51%17% White86%84%10% Asian84%88%35% African American82%63%3% Filipino72%71%20% Hispanic50%39%21% Not a High School Grad50%50%10% High School Grad63%63%19% Some College76%68%25% College Grad84%78%25% Post Grad91%90%9% Table B. Breakdown of Ethnic Groups and Economics Not DisadvantagedDisadvantaged % Proficient or Above% Proficient or Above EnglishMathEnglishMath White86%92%**** Asian94%89%64%86% African American******** Filipino75%73%67%67% Hispanic56%41%52%38% ** Not big enough to be statistically significant The data in Table A tells a couple stories in relationship to the causes of the achievement gap. For this school, the gap between economically advantaged students and economically disadvantaged students is 22% is English and 20% in Math. This is a significant gap and reinforces the persistent problem of poverty on school performance. There is an incredibly large gap in between fluent students and English language learners (ELL). The gap is 61% in English and 22% in Math. A larger gap would be expected in English versus Math because the subgroup is specifically students who struggle with English. This gap is incredibly large, however, needs to be addressed. For different ethnic subgroups, the data supports the idea of an achievement gap for Hispanic students. There is a 36% gap in English and a 45% gap in Math for Hispanic students versus white students. The gap between African American students and white students is 4% for English and 21% for Math. The 4% in English is not a significant gap and, even though there is a 21% gap in Math, the Math achievement is only 6% less than the school average. In addition, African Americans only make up 3% of the school population. This is not really a significant subgroup for this particular school. This fact could also imply that some of the cultural factors may not be in play without a large African American community. For Filipinos and Asians there even less of an achievement gap. Clearly the most significant ethnic gap at this school is for Hispanic students. The final set of data in Table A serves to demonstrate the cyclical nature of the achievement gap. It is apparent that parents’ education directly correlates with the students’ achievement level. It is easy to imagine the cycle repeating and the next set of children having similar achievement to their parents. The data in table B shows a breakdown between economically advantaged and disadvantaged students by ethnic group. White and African American groups do not have big enough populations to be statistically significant. The relevant data demonstrates a clear drop in achievement between the rich and poor, even within the same ethnicities. It also shows that within the same economic group, there is discrepancy between ethnicities. Table B illustrated the dual causes of the achievement gap, economic factors and sociocultural factors. ? Part III. Strategies to Close the Gap in My Classroom In my opinion, the best approach to the achievement gap is good teaching practices and strategies to close the gap in my own classroom. I believe that individual teachers, starting small scale, will ultimately be the force that drives the vehicle of change. Because of the data collected in Part II, I will aim my strategies at helping Hispanic, specifically ELL, students. Most of these strategies could easily be applied to other subgroups or to any classroom as good teaching practices. An initial hurdle to closing the gap in my own classroom is getting to know my students, both personally and as learners. Getting to know students personally is an important part of teaching any student to create an environment of trust and approachability. I especially want this for ELL students. It is important that they feel comfortable enough to ask me to slow down, repeat things, or say things another way. To help accommodate for language difficulties I will incorporate a glyph project as an introduction. In this activity, students make a name tag with a lot of identifying information, but it is all nonverbal. Students draw pictures, shapes, and use color coding to convey personal information. I like the idea of learning about my students, but taking the writing and language skills out of it. It also serves as a mathematical exercise as students try to logically break down and interpret other people’s name tags. Along with personal information, I want to get to know my students as learners. This will help inform my instruction and give me insight into how to best help certain students. I will employ daily checks for prerequisite skills, prior knowledge and misconceptions into each lesson. This is a good teaching practice regardless, but is vital when dealing with ELL students. I don’t want to assume that I know where they are at and I want to find specific points of understanding that I can build off. When language is limited, it is really important to have a comfortable starting point from which to work. After I get to know my students, I want to make the curriculum accessible to them. I believe the most important part of making curriculum accessible to ELL students is taking the time to list, define, and connect with the academic vocabulary. A simple mistake could be assuming that all students will know or have experience with the necessary academic vocabulary for a lesson. It is quite likely that students, especially ELL students, don’t have this vocabulary or have heard it used in a different way. My strategy to avoid making this assumption is to make a list of all necessary vocabulary for the chapter. As a class, we will define the terms in student-friendly wording. I will also make an effort to connect vocabulary terms to concepts and words that I know my ELL students are already comfortable with. I believe that starting the chapter with a set of important words that they understand, is a great jumping in point for ELL students and reduces the barriers for those students to engage. I also want to make the curriculum relevant and engaging. I will attempt to do this by adding visual or multimedia components to each lesson. I think adding images, photographs, movies, or any other non-written information is a great way to make lessons more relevant and exciting for students. The non-written aspect of these additions will obviously be to the benefit of ELL students. If they are unsure of the context or specifics in the description of a lesson, the visuals can bring them back in. Even loosely associated graphics can get students interested and talking about the lesson. Not everyone gets excited about a physics word problem, but an introduction with video of a rollercoaster can help relate the material to real life and engage all students in the lesson. Part of making a curriculum successful is choosing the proper materials and strategies for students. One skill that ELL students may not have, or be very weak at, is note taking. Note taking is something teachers can take for granted. Students with weak English skills will take a lot longer to take down notes and may lose the ability to follow along with the lesson as a result. To combat this, I will give the students’ full teacher notes that they can just annotate, partial notes where they fill in pieces, or just blank sheets. The level will depend on the students’ individual needs. I will also incorporate a lot of graphic organizers. These are great tools for describing relationships, hierarchies, processes, etc. without using words. ELL students can find these tools invaluable for making sense of the lesson. I think assessing student learning poses the biggest challenge and can be the top cause for student frustration. Some students won’t really feel behind or struggling until the first assignments are graded and returned. If students fail because the assessment is flawed, it will cause them to check out and give up. I think the most important part of assessment is to keep the main goal in mind. My goal is for students to learn the material. How they demonstrate that learning should be secondary. Often, it is the method of assessment that ELL students struggle with, not necessarily the actual content being assessed. My strategy would be to give multiple options for how students can complete assessments. Instead of an essay or written explanation, I can give students the opportunity to make a movie, create a piece of art work, perform a song, make a flow chart, or any other way of demonstrating knowledge. When students can be free to use the assessment means of their choice, I think it gives the teacher a chance to genuinely assess what students know. It also can be a way of making assessments more accessible, engaging, and relevant to students’ lives. I find classroom management to be a difficult part of teaching any class. I think ELL students can be especially challenging for two possible reasons. First, it is possible that ELL students have already checked out of the lesson because they don’t understand what’s going on, or have gotten lost. If the methods above are successful, this should not be an issue. Secondly, language barriers could prevent the ELL students from knowing what is expected. To combat this, I will print out classroom rules with simple language and post them alongside some descriptive images. I want my expectations and rules to be clear to all students, regardless of level of English fluency. Another way to help with classroom management is using partner and group work. Placing an ELL student with students that I know understand the procedures will help make it clear what is expected. This will also help bolster language skills as ELL students interact with their classmates in a casual setting. A final method of improving classroom management is to simply speak slower and use gestures to describe what I mean. I think giving plenty of time to ELL students will allow them to process what I’m saying. Body language cues can clarify in the place of words that are confusing.

Get aware of various scholarships for Industrial Engineering students

Get aware of various scholarships for Industrial Engineering students Engineering Scholarships for Everyone Industrial Engineering is a challenging, complicated and practical field of studying. If you decide to choose Industrial Engineering, then you should understand that you are to specialize in designing, analyzing and managing production systems, the procedure of creation, including budgeting, human recourses and technology. If you are in this sphere then you should also learn deeply math and extensive science, as they are the basis for successful engineering ideas realization. The main aim of studying is not only to provide students with necessary knowledge but also to prepare them to be involved in the manufacturing and industry on all positions. Nowadays there exists a great demand for skilled technicians and directors who will manage the industrial engineering process in the proper way. Fortunately, there are lots of scholarships which are offered by colleges, professional companies which are encouraging and supporting young specialists in the sphere of engineering. College scholarships in the USA Almost each school which has the department of industrial engineering will offer its students various scholarships. Here are some of them. University of Washington College of Engineering The Ron Crockett Scholarship Fund is a great chance for those who want to connect their life with industrial engineering in the Washington University. The awards provides the most outstanding and talented students with tuition discounts. If you want to be among them, you should be really wise and ambitious and apply till April 1. Texas Tech University College of Engineering Students of industrial engineering are generously awarded with scholarships. Everything depends on your own features, achievements and personal criteria which are checked during the admission process. So you are welcome to apply as soon as possible to check which funding package you may receive. Virginia Tech College of Engineering This college is a home for dozens of scholarships for the most talented and skilled students. The majority of awards go to freshman, still transfer students are also given some scholarships. The process of getting an award is quite easy: you send your application, then it`s transferred to the Department of Industrial Engineering, they check your studying success and their need. So if you struggle to reach something bigger then you are welcome. Scholarships from private organizations in the US There is also a variety of independent organizations which provide students with such scholarships. Check out some of them! Institute of Industrial Engineers This scholarship is available for student members only. It`s created for those who are to continue their work in the field of engineering and reach success. Only those students are encouraged with this scholarship, the main features of which are the following: Undergraduate students with GPA score of at least 3.4 may apply for this scholarship; You can receive up to $4,000 per year, still if you are ambitious and show leader skills then you get preference; A.O. Putnam Memorial Scholarship is offered to industrial engineering students who study anywhere in the USA. Students are chosen on the basis of academic achievements and financial needs, the award is $600; Marcus Scholarship offers $1000 for those who are talented and shows the interest in the future development of engineering. ASCO Numatics This scholarship is sponsored by the Emerson Company, which is in the leads for the century. Students who are interested and successful in the research work and future career in the industrial engineering get $5000 award and there are also a few grants for $1000. Such skills as leadership and knowledge, future plans, past contributions into the development of engineering are taken into account while choosing the winners. If you are doing really good, then you may get an invitation of an internship with the company. Set your plans and try to implement them into life. Before choosing a university check the scholarships they offer, as they can be both your financial aid and a good chance to develop your skills. These programs will make you more self-confident, you will probably work harder. Everything is possible till you want it.

Secondary Data and Secondary Analysis - An Overview

Secondary Data and Secondary Analysis - An Overview Within sociology, many researchers collect new data for analytic purposes, but many others rely on secondary data- data collected by somebody else- in order to conduct a new study. When a research uses secondary data, the kind of research they perform on it is called secondary analysis. Key Takeaways: Secondary Data Secondary analysis is a research method which involves analyzing data collected by someone else.A great deal of secondary  data resources and data sets are  available for sociological research, many of which are public and easily accessible.  There are both pros and cons to using secondary data.Researchers can mitigate the cons of using secondary data by learning about the methods used to collect and clean the data in the first place, and by careful usage of it and honest reporting on it. What Is Secondary Analysis? Secondary analysis is the practice of using secondary data in research. As a research method, it saves both time and money and avoids unnecessary duplication of research effort. Secondary analysis is usually contrasted with primary analysis, which is the analysis of primary data independently collected by a researcher. How Do Researchers Obtain Secondary Data? Unlike primary data, which is collected by a researcher herself in order to fulfill a particular research objective, secondary data is data that was collected by other researchers who likely had different research objectives. Sometimes researchers or research organizations share their data with other researchers in order to ensure that its usefulness is maximized. In addition, many government bodies within the U.S. and around the world collect data that they make available for secondary analysis. In many cases, this data is available to the general public, but in some cases, it is only available to approved users. Secondary data can be both quantitative and qualitative in form.  Secondary quantitative data is often available from official government sources and trusted research organizations. In the U.S., the U.S. Census, the General Social Survey, and the American Community Survey are some of the most commonly used secondary data sets within the social sciences. In addition, many researchers make use of data collected and distributed by agencies including the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Education, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, among many others at federal, state, and local levels. While this information was collected for a wide range of purposes including budget development, policy planning, and city planning, among others, it can also be used as a tool for sociological research. By reviewing and analyzing numerical data, sociologists can often uncover unnoticed patterns of human behavior and large-scale trends within society. Secondary qualitative data is usually found in the form of social artifacts, like newspapers, blogs, diaries, letters, and emails, among other things. Such data is a rich source of information about individuals in society and can provide a great deal of context and detail to sociological analysis. This form of secondary analysis is also called content analysis. Why Conduct Secondary Analysis? Secondary data represents a vast resource to sociologists. It is easy to come by and often free to use. It can include information about very large populations that would be expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. Additionally, secondary data is available from time periods other than the present day. It is literally impossible to conduct primary research about events, attitudes, styles, or norms that are no longer present in todays world. There are certain disadvantages to secondary data. In some cases, it may be outdated, biased, or improperly obtained. But a trained sociologist should be able to identify and work around or correct for such issues. Validating Secondary Data Before Using It To conduct meaningful secondary analysis, researchers must spend significant time reading and learning about the origins of the data sets. Through careful reading and vetting, researchers can determine: The purpose for which the material was collected or createdThe specific methods used to collect itThe population studied and the validity of the sample capturedThe credentials and credibility of the collector or creatorThe limits of the data set (what information was not requested, collected, or presented)The historic and/or political circumstances surrounding the creation or collection of the material In addition, before using secondary data, a researcher must consider how the data are coded or categorized and how this might influence the outcomes of a secondary data analysis. She should also consider whether the data must be adapted or adjusted in some way prior to her conducting her own analysis. Qualitative data is usually created under known circumstances by named individuals for a particular purpose. This makes it relatively easy to analyze the data with an understanding of biases, gaps, social context,  and other issues. Quantitative data, however, may require more critical analysis. It is not always clear how data was collected, why certain types of data were collected while others were not, or whether any bias was involved in the creation of tools used to collect the data. Polls, questionnaires, and interviews can all be designed to result in pre-determined outcomes. When dealing with biased data, it is absolutely critical that the researcher is aware of the bias, its purpose, and its extent. However, biased data can still be extremely useful, as long as the researchers carefully consider the potential effects of the bias. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Pros & Cons of School Principals changing schools every 3 years Assignment

Pros & Cons of School Principals changing schools every 3 years - Assignment Example ble information at one location and then upon moving within a period of 3 or so years, transmit that information plus whatever subject matter expertise they have learned at the prior location to the new posting (Wallace, 2009). Conversely, the biggest drawback to such an approach is the fact that many times principles are not on the ground long enough at the location to see the result of whatever changes they hoped to effect. With such a short time to engage the shareholders, it is not even possible for a principle to see the incoming freshman graduate from high school. This inability to realize many goals and see plans come to fruition is more than damaging due to the fact that it not only has an effect on the shareholders within the educational system but also on the outlook that the principle himself/herself engages. With the attitude that change is not even worth engaging due to the fact that they will never see the fruits of this, a very depressing and complacent attitude can be

Introduction to criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to criminology - Essay Example Durkheim has regarded such a state of the society as anomie, anomie is a term used to refer to a society whose norms have failed and is experiencing a state of normlessness (Williams, 2012, p.341). This state is either experienced by the overall society or certain sections of the society. Anomie cannot be referred to as a cognitive state, rather it is a term used to refer to a particular property found within the social structure. The term is used to describe a society’s situation where an individual’s wants are not under the regulations and norms of the society and it further describes a society where the individual does not have any form of moral code of conduct to follow while they pursue their own aims and objectives. A society that has zero norms can never exist, but societies where the level of norms is either high or less do exist (Siegel, 2013, p.204). Durkheim even asserted that desire for wealth can lead to conditions which might be anomic in nature as this de sire makes an individual believe that in order to attain wealth, individuals have to depend on themselves, while state of poverty may restrict anomic conditions from taking place. Shaw and McKay were of the view that higher rate of crime was experienced in certain regions and the rate of crime in these areas remained quite stable for longer period of time and this indicated environment that is socially disordered and they recognized these areas as zone II or zones of transition (Vito, 2012, p.143). They stated that areas that experience social disorder may lead to events of criminal activities and activities that are anti-social. Both the researchers further conducted studies to identify the factors resulted in the creation of socially disordered area. According to them there were three main characteristics of environment that is socially disordered, these characteristics

Role of Women in Shakespears The Taming of the Shrew :: The Taming of the Shrew

Role of Women in The Taming of the Shrew "The Taming of the Shrew" is a great example of Shakespear's use of women. Shakespeare indeed does transcend the stereotypes of his own time. In Shakespeare's, "The Taming of the Shrew" the relationship between the sisters Katherine and Bianca appears to be strained with rampant jealousy. Both daughters fight for the attentions of their father. In twisted parallel roles, they take turns being demure and hag-like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, fusses with potential suitors for young Bianca and will not let them come calling until his elder, ill-tempered daughter Katherine is married. The reader is to assume that meek, mild-mannered, delicate Bianca is wasting away while her much older, aging, brutish sister torments the family with her foul tongue. Katherine seems to hold resentment toward Bianca. Her father favors Bianca over Katherine and keeps them away from each others' torment. When gentlemen come calling, Bianca cowers behind her father and Katherine speaks up for herself. "I pray you sir, is it your will to make a stale of me amongst these mates?" (1.1.57-58) Bianca and Katherine dislike each other feverishly. Katherine torments Bianca with words and physical harm. She binds her hands, pulls her hair then brings her forth to her father and the gentlemen callers. Bianca denies liking any of the visitors and portrays herself an innocent that merely wants to learn and obey her elders. She says, "Sister, content you in my discontent to your pleasure humbly I subscribe. My books and instruments shall be my company, on them to look and practise by myself." (1.1.80-84) Because Katherine speaks freely and asserts herself she is labeled as "shrewish." When Hortensio describes her to Petruccio, he spews out that she is "renowned in Padua for her scolding tongue." ( 1.2.96) He gilds the lily further by clearly telling of her fair fortune if suitable man comes courting and wins her hand in marriage. Petruccio sees dollar signs and rushes onwards in grand dress and fluently gestures to court the gracious "Kate." When he first begins his ritual of winning the family and Katheri ne to his love, he is seeking his fortune in her dowry. The mention of her being at all undesirable does not put rocks in his path.

Gender, Genocide and Consequence: Srebrenica Examined

Introduction The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines genocide as â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political or cultural group†. Genocide is exactly what happened in the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina during July 1995. Between 6 and 11 July 1995 more than 25,000 Bosnian Muslims, most of them women, children and elderly people living in and around town of Srebrenica, were forced to leave the town (Cemic 2007). In addition, 7,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were massacred by the Republika Srpska army in and around Srebrenica (Cemic 2007).The Srebrenica genocide was one of the biggest massacres that Europe has seen since World War II (Simic 2008). The women and children who survived it became witnesses and survivors whose testimonies and courage to find out, face and disseminate the truth gave them hero status in Bosnia and around the world (Simic 2008). Every year on July 11, politicians and key players from the international as well local community come to Potocari to pay tribute to all of the victims identified so far and those still missing (Simic 2008).Each anniversary of the genocide attracts more and more people from around the world who want to come and share their compassion and maybe even ‘guilt' for not doing more to prevent this horrible event (Simic 2008). Following Bosnia’s declaration of independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in March 1992, a civil war broke out in progressive stages between the three ethnic communities that had existed in Bosnia for several centuries (Turns 2007).Although initially internal in nature, this conflict was ‘internationalised’ at various points by the intervention of armed forces from both Serbia and Croatia on the sides of their respective co-ethnic forces (Turns 2007). With the internationally recognised government of the new republic in Muslim hands, nationalistic elements in the Serbian component of the population sta rted fighting against the Bosnian Government’s forces (Turns 2007).Although initially the Croats and Muslims combined forces against the Serbs, subsequent fighting also broke out between Croatian and Government forces (largely over the division of the town of Mostar); the Serbs and Croats also fought against each other (Turns 2007). Both of the non-Muslim nationalist leadership groups had similar aims, namely either outright independence for those parts of Bosnia where their ethnic populations primarily resided or, preferably, union with their o-ethnic neighbouring states: the Republics of Serbia and Croatia (Turns 2007). As this would inevitably entail the dismemberment of the Bosnian State, the Muslim Government fought against both groups (Turns 2007). Srebrenica is a small town in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina that lies about 10 miles from the border with Serbia. While essentially ignoring three years of slaughter, the United Nations Security Council did designate Srebren ica a â€Å"safe area† in which encircled Muslims (now called Bosniaks) could find sanctuary (Lischer 2012).But a few hundred outgunned UN peacekeepers from the Netherlands provided only a veneer of protection which cracked under pressure from the Bosnian Serbs. (Lischer 2012). The result was the largest mass killing in Europe since the Holocaust (Lischer 2012). In summary, this literature review will investigate what happened during the genocide, short term and long term impacts, the geopolitical transformation and the controversies surrounding the infamous July 1995 Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Discussion The fall of YugoslaviaYugoslavia (which consisted of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) was a peaceful nation when formed after the Second World War, and then suddenly everything began to change. In 1991, following the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the former Yugoslavia began to disinteg rate (Totten 2006). The country degenerated into conflict between the three major groups–Serbs, Muslims, and Croatians–that had lived in peace under Dictator Josip Broz Tito (Totten 2006).The Socialistic Republic of BiH was born after WW II with the creation of the Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (Simic 2009). The same year this newly independent state was plunged into almost four years of internal conflict (Simic 2009). Yugoslavia maintained peace during the 40 years Tito ruled, but when he died in 1980 following the Cold War, nationalist and separatist ideologies began to arise and disrupt tranquility within the country (Long 2012).Slobodan Milosevic, formerly Serbia's Communist Party leader, strategically adhered to nationalism and became the ruler of Serbia and the most authoritative dignitary in Yugoslavia by 1989 (Long 2012). However, his forceful attempts to take over the federal government of Yugoslavia and unjust decisions he made out of self-int erest drove Croatia and Slovenia to seek independence in 1991, and Bosnia-Herzegovina followed in 1992 (Long 2012). Even though European community and the United States recognized Bosnia as an independent country, the Muslim, Serb, and Croat groups within Bosnia all began to fight for territory (Long 2012).Although many of the Muslims in Bosnia originally thought the Yugoslav National Army (YNA) would protect them, the fourth largest army in Europe was under the command of Milosevic, whose ultimate at the cost of many non-Serbs' lives, to create a Greater Serbia (Long 2012). The YNA launched many vicious attacks against non-Serb citizens in Bosnia with the help of the Republicka Srpska's (the leading Serb par in Bosnia) Drina Corps (Long 2012).An ugly war ensued, especially between the Serbs and the Bosnians (Long 2012). In 1993, Serb attacks on Bosnian Muslims increased in eastern Bosnia, and the latter fled their homes and villages to seek protection in the nearby town of Srebreni ca (and a 30-square-mile area surrounding it), which had been designated a United Nations-sponsored â€Å"safe area† (Totten 2006). The safe area had been developed as a result of Security Council Resolution 819 on April 16, 1993 (Totten 2006).Subsequently, the UN forged an agreement in which the Muslim troops in the enclave of Srebrenica would disarm, the Serbs would halt their attacks on the enclave, and the UN would oversee and enforce the cease-fire (Totten 2006). While both Serbs and Muslims periodically violated the agreement, the Serb forces were the ones who, over the years, applied ever-increasing pressure on the Muslims in Srebrenica (and on the Dutch Battalion, commonly referred to as â€Å"Dutchbat,† charged with protecting the safe area) by periodically shelling them and preventing humanitarian assistance from entering the enclave (Totten 2006).By July of 1995 thousands of civilians had taken refuge in the city of Srebrenica to escape from Serb attacks in northeastern Bosnia (Long 2012). On July 6, 1995, under the orders of Rodovan Karadzic, president of Republika Srpska the VRS began an offensive attack on Sebrenica by firing mortal shells into the city (Long 2012). As the attacks increased in number and ferocity, NATO authorities discussed the possibility of air strikes against Serb-held areas (Totten 2006).When planes were finally able to perform air strikes, after dropping only two bombs on VRS forces outside of Srebrenica the VRS threatened to kill their Dutch hostages and attack the refugees in an enclave in Srebrenica with mortar shells (Long 2012). NATO responded by immediately ordering a stop to the air strikes (Long 2012). A column of 15,000 weak and underfed Muslim men fled toward Tuzla, a Bosnian government held territory nearly 40 miles away, leaving behind their wives, daughters, young sons, and elderly fathers. (Long 2012).The Serbs were prepared for the Muslim men to flee to Tuzla, and were given orders by Radislav Kr stic, commander of the VRS, to kill every single person in the column; â€Å"You must kill everyone. We don't need anyone alive† said Krstic (Long 2012). Even knowing their escape was a futile attempt, the Muslim men felt they had no other choice but to flee (Long 2012). On 11 July 1995, after they occupied Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb forces executed between 7,000 and 8,000 men (Simic 2009). By the evening of July 11, 1995, Srebrenica was void of a single living Muslim (Long 2012).The genocide in Srebrenica was the largest single act of genocide in Europe in 50 years, or since the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust (Totten 2006). Court and Controversy On 26 February 2007, one of the longest running and most tortuous pieces of litigation in the history of the International Court of Justice came to a close when a decision on the merits was handed down in the case brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina (‘Bosnia') against Serbia and Montenegro (‘Serbia') in March 1993 (Turns 2007).In 1993 the United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, had established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (‘ICTY') in order to prosecute persons alleged to have committed serious violations of international humanitarian law–including genocide (15)–anywhere in the territory of the former Yugoslavia; this was largely a response to the atrocities that were being reported from Bosnia in particular (Turns 2007).In its application to the Court, Bosnia requested declarations that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (‘FRY') ‘has breached, and is continuing to breach, its legal obligations' towards Bosnia under a number of international treaties, including the Genocide Convention, the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Additional Protocol I thereto of 1977, the Hague Regulations of 1907, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (Turns 2007). In April 2001, Serbia filed with the Court an Application forRevision of the 1996 Judgment on Preliminary Objections (Turns 2007). This was followed the next month by another document, in which Serbia argued that: (i) it had not been a party to the Statute of the ICJ until its admission to the UN on 1 November 2000; (ii) that it never had been, and still was not, a party to the Genocide Convention; and (iii) that when it had acceded to the Genocide Convention on 8 March 2001, it had entered a reservation to art IX thereof (Turns 2007).The ICJ affirmed it had jurisdiction and found, by thirteen votes to two, that Serbia had not conspired to commit genocide nor had it incited the commission of genocide in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention (Cernic 2007). The ICJ also found, by eleven votes to four, that Serbia had not been complicit in genocide (Cernic 2007).However, the ICJ did find that Serbia had violated its obligation under the Genocide Convention to prevent genocide in Srebrenica, and that i t had also violated its obligations under the Genocide Convention by having failed to co-operate fully with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (‘ICTY') (Cernic 2007). The ICJ held that the genocide in Srebrenica was committed by the Republika Srpska army under the command of its VRS Main Staff, which did possess the specific ‘genocidal intent' (Cernic 2007). Can a state commit the crime of genocide?The ICJ held that States can commit the crime of genocide (Cernic 2007). It held that the effect of article I of the Genocide Convention ‘is to prohibit states themselves from committing genocide' which follows from the categorisation of genocide as a crime against international law (Cernic 2007). The ICJ acknowledged the crimes in Srebrenica ‘were committed, at least in part, with the resources which the perpetrators of those acts possessed as a result of the general policy of aid and assistance pursued towards them by the FRY'(Cernic 20 07).The Bosnian Serbs maintained that the graves were filled with Muslim soldiers killed during combat and denied the accusations that a massacre took place (Long 2012). However, on October 29, 1995, reporters from the Christian Science Monitor, during an unauthorized visit, discovered a heap of clothing, shoes, and eyeglasses next to what appeared to be a freshly dug grave in the city of Sahanici (Long 2012). However, there were no signs that a battle took place, and a few canes as well as a crutch were also discovered–evidence that countered the Bosnian Serbs' that the graves contained Muslim combat casualties (Long 2012).Four primary figures emerged as the main conspirators responsible for the Srebrenica massacre: Slobodan Milosevic, the former Yugoslav president; Radovan Karadzic, the former political leader of the Bosnian Serbs; Ratko Mladic, Karadzic's former chief military commander; and Radislav Krstic, former commander of the Drina Corps (Long 2012). The UN court rul ed the Srebrenica massacre a genocide and eventually brought charges against these four individuals, but so far Krstic is the only one who has been convicted (Long 2012). Gender and Genocide While the international community and U. N. eacekeepers looked on, Serb forces separated civilian men from women and killed thousands of men en masse, or hunted them down in the forests (Jones 2002). Realizing the UN would not protect them, around 25,000 refugees, mainly consisting of women, children, and elderly men, attempted to escape to the town of Potocari in hopes of seeking protection in a UN compound within the city (Long 2012). A great many of the men who had sought to flee through the hills to Tuzla were doomed as well (Jones 2002). Around 23,000 women and children were deported over an estimated period of 30 hours to safe Muslim territories (Long 2012).The remaining males (around 1,700) were held in trucks and warehouses to be supposedly interrogated for war crimes (Long 2012). In wha t was a well-planned succession of events, the victims were transported from building to building and held for long periods of time without food or water before they were finally executed (Long 2012). Some men were killed individually or in small groups, but the majority of the murders took place in mass numbers (Long 2012). In one of the mass murders, between 1,000 and 1,500 men were crammed into a pitch-black warehouse (Long 2012).Soldiers began throwing grenades into the warehouse and shooting their machine guns into the building (Long 2012). Any men who tried to escape from the building were immediately gunned down by the soldiers (Long 2012). Many hundreds more were massacred at a football field near Nova Kasaba, the worst killing ground of the entire five-day slaughter (Jones 2002). While at some sites there was grave digging machinery, at the soccer field selected men were forced to dig graves and watch others be shot into those (Long 2012). Eventually, these men and were sho t into their own graves (Long 2012).When a bulldozer finally did arrive, around 400 men were thrown into a grave and buried alive (Long 2012). After all was said and done, between the days of July 11-16, 1995, over 8,000 Muslim men were killed in Bosnia (Long 2012). Srebrenica is a textbook case of gendercide (Simic 2009). While all males were executed, females were forcibly expelled leading to the creation of an ethnically cleansed area (Simic 2009). By killing all males who were capable of ‘holding a gun', the Serbian forces eliminated the direct threat of young potential future fighters, thus reducing the strength of the rival community (Simic 2009).Prior to the war, Srebrenica was a traditional town where males were the prime breadwinners and the head of households (Simic 2009). The gendercide in Srebrenica disrupted the gender cast of BiH society by leaving almost 40% of the internally displaced population with female headed-households (Simic 2009). Left without their hus bands, women suddenly needed skills and education to be able to take part in a job market in BiH where almost 40% of people are still considered as unemployed (Simic 2009).Thus, the elimination of the male population had tremendous social, economic and psychological consequences on the women, leaving them to be sole breadwinners while coping with traumatic experiences they had endured and searching for the bones of their sons and husbands (Simic 2009). However, despite the challenges they faced these women joined together and left their private sphere of mourning to go into the public domain demanding a series of actions to be taken by local and international governments (Simic 2009).In doing so, they transformed their experience as victims into an activism that has attracted international attention and respect (Simic 2009). Aftermath Following the massacre, a handful of survivors from various massacre sites came forward and offered their testimonies, describing the brutal and horri fic murders they witnessed (Long 2012). Finally, almost a year after the massacre, in July of 1996, forensic experts performed exhumations of some of the mass grave sites without the permission of Serb authorities (Long 2012).As time drew on, more grave sites were discovered and examined, and more bodies were accounted for, Investigators found many bodies in smaller graves in areas farther from Srebrenica (Long 2012). The bodies were easily linked to Srebrenica, as several licenses and photographs of Muslims who had been in Srebrenica were found in the graves (Long 2012). Even in the large graves with fewer bodies, forensic investigations found significant evidence suggesting that most of the victims were not killed during combat (Long 2012).Also, prosthetic limbs, canes, and crutches found in the graves suggested that many of the victims were severely handicapped and would not have been able to fight in combat (Long 2012). Extensive forensic investigations of the Srebrenica massacr e sites have so far turned up some 3,000 bodies but only a few have been successfully identified (Jones 2002). The forensics teams who worked on the Srebrenica site gathered vital experience in their exhumation of the graves, and were able to employ their skills anew in the Kosovo gendercide four years later (Jones 2002).The memory of Srebrenica's men has been kept alive by their womenfolk, even though the women survivors of the Srebrenica genocide still live scattered as displaced persons in BiH (Simic 2009). In Tuzla where the majority of them fled during the genocide, these women established the association of the ‘Mothers of Srebrenica' (Simic 2009). The association has an important voice in BiH, demands a complete investigation of the massacre, the opening of mass graves and the identification and burial of their sons, husbands and fathers who vanished in July 1995 (Simic 2009).Although the ‘Mothers' only registered as association of citizens in 1999, their protests and persuasive efforts to bring about justice started back in 1996, when they stormed the Red Cross offices to protest a stalled investigation on the fate of their missing men (Simic 2009). The group's list of primary demands reads as follows: †¢The full facts of Srebrenica should be revealed and publicised. †¢All graves should be exhumed and bodies identified without delay. †¢Any survivors of Srebrenica held prisoner in Republika Srpska [Bosnian Serb territories] or the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia should be released immediately. The people of Srebrenica should be enabled to return to their homes. †¢There should be a full & open international investigation into the failure of the UN to protect the Safe Area of Srebrenica. †¢All indicted and suspected war criminals, including Radovan Karadzic, Ratko Mladic and Slobodan Milosevic, and all those complicit with genocide, should be arrested and brought to trial (Jones 2002). In spring 2000, General Radislav K rstic, â€Å"the highest-ranking Bosnian Serb commander before the UN War Crimes tribunal in The Hague,† stood trial for the genocidal atrocities at Srebrenica (Jones 2002).In August 2001, Krstic was convicted and sentenced to 46 years in prison (Jones 2002). Conclusions In conclusion, the war between the Bosnian Muslims and the Bosnian Serbs was a turning point for the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Not only did it impact the citizens of the country, but it also impacted the structure and the politics of it. This began with the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia which consisted of the countries now known as Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Montenegro. After Bosnia’s independence declaration the country was plunged into conflict between the three major groups; Serbs, Muslims and Croatians.An ugly war ensued between the Muslims and Serbs that lasted nearly 4 years. By July of 1995, thousands of civilians had taken refuge in the town of Srebrenica w hich was deemed a safe zone. In my opinion, the UN troops that were supposed to be protecting the country did a very poor job. The Serbian army began a vicious attack on the city and began the execution of thousands of Muslim men. Over 8000 men had been killed from July 11-16, 1995. Mass killings were performed in warehouses, schools and even soccer fields. Men were shot, bombarded with grenades and buried alive in some cases.Years later in 2007, the International Court of Justice came to a decision on the merits handed down in the case brought by Bosnia against Serbia where Bosnia accused Serbia of violating international humanitarian law, including genocide. The question of whether or not a country could commit the act of genocide was brought up; the ICJ decided that it was possible. I, however, do not agree with this statement. I believe that in order for a country to commit genocide, every single citizen would have to take part in it and that was not the case.Of course the four men accused should be found guilty of genocide, but as for the country, I do not believe so. Serbia argued against the claims, stating that the bodies that were buried were Muslim soldiers and combat casualties and not victims of genocide. However, evidence of clothing, shoes, eyeglasses, canes and prosthetic limbs were found. Men who needed canes or prosthetic limbs would not be allowed to fight in combat and therefore the graves could not have been filled with soldiers. The massacre was ruled a genocide and charges have been made against the Serbs in charge of the attacks.In the future, I will conduct more research on this case to find a more in depth examination of both parties and what they had argued. Following the massacre, survivors came forward and offered testimonies, describing the events that happened. An exhumation of the grave sites began which helped gives names to bodies found in the graves. The skills learned through this process were later used in other genocides. T he memory of the victims of Srebrenica has been kept alive by its women. They have started organizations such as Mothers of Srebrenica and changed the gender cast of society.With the men gone, women were forced into the role of head of household leaving social, psychological and economic consequences on the women. As devastating as the massacre was, I believe that the consequences have had an overall positive impact on Bosnian society. Women were now seen as members of society who could work the same jobs as men, and the Mothers have accomplished a lot for the citizens, for example ensuring that the facts of Srebrenica were available to the public. Further research could be conducted on the association to see more of what they had accomplished and how they did it.In my opinion, the Mothers of Srebrenica are inspirational and prove that no matter how bad an event may be, something positive can always come out of it. What happened during the Bosnian war was heartbreaking and terrible; however, focus should be put on the good that came out of it, and the lessons that can be learned from the events that happened. References: Cemic, J. (2007). Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), judgment of 26 February 2007, General List No. 91. Australian International Law Journal.Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA191955759&v=2. 1&u=ko_k12hs_d68&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Jones, A. (2002). Case Study: The Srebrenica Massacre, July 1995. Gendercide Watch. Retrieved from http://www. gendercide. org/case_srebrenica. html Li, D. (2000). Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre. Harvard International Review. Retrieved fromhttp://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA67318464&v=2. 1&u=ko_k12hs_d68&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Lischer, S. (2012). The Scars of Genocide. American Scholar. Retrieved fromhttp://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA302117166&v=2. 1&u=ko_k1 2hs_d68&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Long, L. (2006). The Srebrenica

My Life Through Erikson s Lenses - 3527 Words

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